Карта знаний PHP — qwen3.8:latest, run-40 · think: medium

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Double-quoted strings support variable interpolation and most escape sequences, while single-quoted strings only recognize \\\\' and \\\\\\\\, so they are processed differently, not just at different speeds."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The ?? operator is equivalent to isset($var) ? $var : default, so it safely handles undefined variables without raising warnings or notices."}

{"answer": "ab", "explanation": "In PHP, echo can take multiple comma-separated arguments and concatenates them without any separator."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, print is a language construct that always returns the integer 1, so it can be used inside expressions (e.g., $x = print 'hello'; assigns 1 to $x), unlike echo which does not return a usable value."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Elvis operator ($a ?: $b) returns the left operand when it is truthy, not falsy; when falsy, it returns the right operand."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, the concatenation operator (.) has the same precedence level as addition (+) and subtraction (-), not lower."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The ** operator in PHP is right-associative, so 2 ** 3 ** 2 is evaluated as 2 ** (3 ** 2) = 2 ** 9 = 512, not (2 ** 3) ** 2 = 64."}

{"answer": "sum: 5", "explanation": "In PHP, the + operator has higher precedence than the . concatenation operator, so it evaluates as 'sum: ' . (2 + 3) = 'sum: 5'."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "With ===, arrays must have the same key/value pairs in the same order and of the same types; order does matter."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "0 == false returns true (not false) in PHP, and == is a loose (not strict) comparison; strict comparison uses ===."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP 8, comparing a non-numeric string to a number casts the number to a string, so 'abc' == 0 becomes 'abc' == '0', which is false."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP's loose comparison (==), null is considered equal to 0, the empty string '', and false (this was the behavior in PHP 7 and earlier; PHP 8 changed null==0 and null=='' to false, but null==false remains true)."}

{"answer": 42, "explanation": "PHP's (int) cast parses the leading numeric portion of a string and stops at the first non-numeric character, so '42abc' becomes 42."}

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "In PHP, the + operator performs arithmetic addition, so the numeric string '5' is cast to int and added to 5, yielding 10."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, casting false to a string results in an empty string \"\", not \"0\"."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Due to floating-point precision, 0.1 + 0.2 yields 0.30000000000000004, which is not strictly equal to 0.3, so === returns false."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "strrev() reverses strings byte-by-byte, which corrupts multi-byte UTF-8 characters; you need mb-aware functions to correctly reverse UTF-8 strings."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "str_checks() returns true because the string 'Hello world' does contain the substring 'world'."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "str_pad() can pad on the right (STR_PAD_RIGHT), left (STR_PAD_LEFT), or both sides (STR_PAD_BOTH) via its pad_type parameter."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, trim() strips spaces, tabs, newlines, carriage returns, NUL bytes, and vertical tabs, not just spaces."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "strlen() counts bytes; in UTF-8, 'é' is 2 bytes while 'h','l','l','o' are 1 byte each, giving 1+2+1+1+1=6."}

{"answer": "def", "explanation": "substr with a negative start of -3 begins 3 characters from the end of 'abcdef', yielding 'def'."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "ucfirst() returns a new string with the first character uppercased; it does not modify the original string in place since PHP strings are passed by value."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Heredoc interpolates variables like double-quoted strings, while nowdoc treats content as literal (like single-quoted strings), so no variable interpolation occurs."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "sort() reindexes the array with integer keys; asort() is the function that preserves key-to-value associations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP automatically casts numeric string keys like '5' to the integer 5 when used as array keys."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The in_array() function defaults to $strict = false, meaning it uses loose comparison (==) rather than strict comparison (===) unless the third parameter is explicitly set to true."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Without a callback, array_filter() keeps only elements that evaluate to true, effectively removing all falsy values (0, '', null, false, '0', empty array)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The $preserve_keys parameter of array_slice() defaults to false, so keys are reindexed by default."}

{"answer": "[20, 30]", "explanation": "array_slice starts at offset 1 and takes 2 elements, yielding [20, 30]."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "The array union operator (+) keeps the left array's value for duplicate keys and adds only new keys from the right, resulting in ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2], which has 2 elements."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 8.1 extended the spread operator in array literals to support arrays with string (associative) keys, which previously caused a TypeError."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP does allow combining named arguments with the spread/unpacking operator in a single call (e.g., foo(a: 1, ...$args, c: 3)); the only restriction is that once a named argument is used, all subsequent arguments must also be named."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, closures do not automatically inherit variables from the outer scope; you must explicitly use the 'use' keyword to import them."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "func_num_args() returns the number of arguments actually passed to the function, which is 3 (1, 2, 3), regardless of how many parameters are declared."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "An arrow function (fn) in PHP must consist of exactly one expression after the => operator; it does not use curly braces or allow multiple expressions."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP arrow functions (fn) capture outer variables by value at the time of creation, not by reference or lazily at use time."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A static closure in PHP explicitly breaks the automatic $this binding, so it has no access to $this."}

{"answer": 5, "explanation": "The closure captures $x by value (5) at definition time via use($x), so the later reassignment to 7 has no effect."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP's default weak typing mode, a numeric string like \"5\" is automatically coerced to the integer 5 when passed to a function with an int type hint."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Constructor property promotion was introduced in PHP 8.0, allowing parameters like 'private int $x' in __construct to automatically create and assign a property."}

{"answer": "final", "explanation": "In PHP, the 'final' keyword before a method declaration prevents subclasses from overriding that method."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, declaring a method as final prevents it from being overridden in any subclass."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, private properties are only accessible within the class that defines them and are not accessible in subclasses; only public and protected properties are inherited."}

{"answer": "class@anonymous", "explanation": "Anonymous classes in PHP are named 'class@anonymous' followed by a NUL byte and then the file path and line number."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Private methods are scoped to their declaring class and are not part of the inheritance contract, so a child class is free to declare a same-named method with any visibility."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "__get() is called for both non-existent properties AND inaccessible (private/protected) properties when accessed from outside the class."}

{"answer": "Error", "explanation": "Reassigning a readonly property in PHP throws an Error (not an Exception), specifically a fatal Error with a message like 'Cannot modify readonly property'."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, interfaces can declare public constants, which are accessible and immutable."}

{"answer": "instanceof", "explanation": "In PHP, the instanceof operator is used to check whether an object is an instance of a specific class or implements a specific interface."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP interfaces can declare static methods, which the implementing class must also implement as static."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP's instanceof operator checks both class inheritance and interface implementation, so it does not ignore interfaces."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, interface methods must be abstract (signature only, no body); they cannot have a default implementation, unlike trait methods which can be concrete."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, abstract methods can be declared as either public or protected (but not private), so protected visibility is allowed for abstract methods in an abstract class."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "Foo::cases() returns an array containing all defined cases of the enum, which are A, B, and C."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP traits are allowed to declare constants, which become available to any class that uses the trait."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP 7+, both Exception and Error implement the Throwable interface, making it their common ancestor."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "TypeError extends Error, not Exception, so a catch(Exception $e) block will not catch TypeError; you'd need catch(Throwable $e) to catch both."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The @ operator only suppresses error reporting (warnings, notices, etc.) and does not prevent exceptions from being thrown."}

{"answer": "DivisionByZeroError", "explanation": "intdiv() throws a DivisionByZeroError (a subclass of ArithmeticError) when the divisor is zero."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The finally block executes regardless of whether an exception was thrown, caught, or even if no exception occurred at all."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, an exception thrown in a finally block actually supersedes (replaces) any pending exception from the try or catch block, so it does affect the outcome."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, casting any existing object (including an Exception) to bool always yields true."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "register_shutdown_function() callbacks are executed during script shutdown, which is triggered when exit() or die() is called."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The use statement only registers an alias for a fully-qualified class name; the class file is actually loaded (via the autoloader) only when the class is first referenced at runtime."}

{"answer": "function", "explanation": "In PHP, to import a function you use 'use function Namespace\\function;', while 'use const' is used for importing constants."}

{"answer": "Controller/Api/UserController.php", "explanation": "PSR-4 maps each namespace segment to a directory: App\\→src/, so App\\Controller\\Api\\UserController becomes src/Controller/Api/UserController.php."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Composer's vendor/autoload.php bootstraps the autoloading system by ultimately calling spl_autoload_register() to register the Composer\\Autoload\\ClassLoader."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "__NAMESPACE__ is a PHP magic constant that returns the name of the current namespace (or an empty string in the global namespace)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "An unqualified class name without a leading backslash is resolved relative to the current namespace first, and only falls back to the global root if the class is not found in the current namespace."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PSR-4 maps the remaining namespace segments after the prefix (Model\\User) to subdirectories, yielding src/Model/User.php."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, use statements must be declared in the outermost (global) scope of a file and cannot be placed inside a function body."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, arrays are value types; assigning an array to another variable creates a copy (using copy-on-write internally), not a reference."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "PHP arrays are copied by value on assignment, so modifying $b does not affect $a, which still contains 2 elements."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, variables defined in the global scope are not directly accessible inside a function; you must use the 'global' keyword, the $GLOBALS array, or pass them as parameters to access them."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "unset($GLOBALS['x']) removes the variable from the global symbol table entirely, not just within the function's scope."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "The function parameter is passed by reference (&$x), so $n is incremented from 5 to 6 and the change is visible in the calling scope."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP's foreach by value iterates over a snapshot of the array taken at the start of the loop, so elements added or removed inside the loop do not affect the current pass."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A static property belongs to the class itself, so all instances share the same value; it is non-static (instance) properties that are separate per object."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, boolean values used as array keys are cast to integers (true becomes 1, false becomes 0); they are not stored as bool keys."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP generators, a return statement with a value is supported, and that value can be retrieved after the generator is exhausted via the Generator object's getReturn() method."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP generators are one-shot iterators; once fully consumed, they cannot be rewound or iterated again."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "yield from is a Python construct that delegates iteration to another iterable or generator, forwarding yielded values and handling send/return/throw, making the statement true."}

{"answer": "Generator", "explanation": "A function containing 'yield' returns a Generator object, so get_class() on it returns the string 'Generator'."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The generator yields three values (1, 2, 3), iterator_to_array produces an array with 3 elements, and count returns 3."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "SplStack implements a LIFO (Last In, First Out) structure, while SplQueue implements a FIFO queue."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "ArrayIterator is a built-in PHP class that wraps an array and implements the Iterator interface, allowing traversal via current(), key(), next(), rewind(), and valid() methods."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "ArrayObject implements the Iterator interface, so it can be traversed with foreach."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "password_hash() automatically generates and embeds a random salt in the resulting hash, so there is no need to supply one separately."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP 8, PASSWORD_DEFAULT is bcrypt (PASSWORD_BCRYPT), not md5; md5 is not a secure or supported password hashing algorithm in PHP's password_* functions."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "password_verify checks if the given password matches the hash, and since 'secret' was used to generate the hash, it returns true."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "strip_tags() only removes HTML and PHP tags from a string; it has no effect on SQL injection, which must be prevented with prepared statements or proper parameterized queries."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "session_regenerate_id() creates a new session ID, invalidating the old one, which is the standard technique to mitigate session fixation attacks after a user's privilege level changes (e.g., upon login)."}

{"answer": "php_sapi_name", "explanation": "php_sapi_name() is the built-in PHP function that returns the current SAPI module name, such as 'cli', 'apache2', or 'fpm-fcgi'."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "session_destroy() only removes the session data stored server-side; the session cookie in the browser persists unless explicitly deleted via setcookie() with a past expiration."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The $_SESSION array is only populated with session data after session_start() is called; without it, $_SESSION remains empty."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "The array_find() function was introduced as part of the new array helper functions in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Property hooks, allowing custom get/set logic directly in the property declaration, were introduced in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Asymmetric visibility (e.g., public private(set) string $name) was introduced as a new feature in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The #[\\NoDiscard] attribute does not exist in any released version of PHP."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP has never introduced a pipe operator '|>'; the '|' in PHP is only the bitwise OR operator."}

{"answer": "does not exist", "explanation": "PHP has never introduced a 'clone-with' syntax like clone($obj, ['x' => 1]); the clone operator only accepts a single object and has no provision for additional parameters in any released PHP version."}

{"answer": "never", "explanation": "array_first() and array_last() are not built-in PHP functions in any released version of PHP."}

{"answer": 9.0, "explanation": "The Partial Function Application v2 RFC is associated with PHP 9.0."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "The clamp_v2 RFC, which introduced the clamp() function, was implemented in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no known adopted PHP RFC called 'Context Managers v2' as of the given date."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no known PHP RFC titled 'Bound-Erased Generic Types' that was declined in 2026; PHP has not had a generics RFC with that name in its public RFC process."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "As of 2026, no RFC has been accepted to make ZTS (Zend Thread Safety) the default PHP build; NTS remains the default, and ZTS only makes the engine thread-safe for embedding, it does not enable multithreading of PHP scripts."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP has never implemented generics (parameterized types); as of PHP 8.5 they remain absent from the language."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Following PHP's annual November release cycle, PHP 8.5 (released Nov 2025) would be the latest stable on 2026-11-07, with PHP 8.6 not yet having reached GA on 2026-11-19."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 6 was planned as a major internal rewrite but was cancelled; PHP 7.0 (December 2015) followed directly after PHP 5.6 (November 2014)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP never adopted a #[\\Deprecated] attribute in its core; deprecation is indicated via @deprecated docblocks, and no such RFC was accepted."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In clean and onion architecture, the dependency rule mandates that dependencies point inwards toward the core domain, meaning inner layers have no knowledge of outer layers."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD/Clean Architecture, domain entities are pure PHP classes that must not depend on Doctrine or Symfony, keeping the domain layer framework-agnostic and easily testable."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Controllers and Twig templates belong to the presentation (or infrastructure) layer; they call use cases in the application layer, but they themselves are not part of the business-logic layer."}

{"answer": "Entities", "explanation": "In onion architecture, the very center is the Entities layer, containing the core domain objects and business rules that are independent of all other layers."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "deptrac is a static analysis tool for PHP that enforces layer boundaries by failing the build when a forbidden dependency (e.g., a Controller calling a Repository directly) is detected."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Use cases (interactors) should be framework-agnostic and accept domain-level data (DTOs, value objects) rather than infrastructure-specific types like HTTP requests or EntityManagers, to preserve loose coupling, testability, and reusability."}

{"answer": "Repository", "explanation": "A Repository is the design pattern component that provides a collection of aggregates/entities and abstracts the storage/persistence mechanism behind a common interface."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Clean Architecture, the database driver is an outermost-layer detail; domain and use cases depend only on abstractions (ports/interfaces), so swapping the database requires changes only in the outer adapter/driver layer."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In DDD, an aggregate is a domain-level consistency boundary made of entities and value objects with a root entity; it is a modeling concept, not a persistence concept, and may span multiple tables or share tables with other aggregates."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Domain-Driven Design, a Value Object is immutable and two instances are considered equal if all their field values match, rather than being the same object in memory (identity)."}

{"answer": "Aggregate Root", "explanation": "In Domain-Driven Design, the Aggregate Root is the single external entry point of an aggregate through which all modifications must be made."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD, one Repository is defined per Aggregate Root, not per entity, to maintain aggregate invariants and encapsulation."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Ubiquitous Language in Domain-Driven Design is precisely the shared vocabulary used consistently by both developers and domain experts to describe the model."}

{"answer": "frame", "explanation": "A frame is the conceptual/linguistic boundary within which a model and its terminology remain consistent, while outside that frame the same words map to different models or meanings."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "DDD advocates for rich domain models where entities and value objects encapsulate their own business logic, while anemic models are widely regarded as an anti-pattern in DDD."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD, a bounded context defines a boundary within which a domain model is valid, and the same real-world concept (e.g., 'Customer') is modeled as a distinct class in each context with its own structure and behavior."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's DI container stores service definitions and only instantiates a service object when it is first requested (e.g., via $container->get()), which is the default lazy behavior."}

{"answer": "debug:router", "explanation": "The Symfony console command 'debug:router' (run via 'php bin/console debug:router') lists all registered routes in the application."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The purpose of Symfony autowiring is to automatically resolve dependencies based on type hints, eliminating the need to manually declare and wire every service in services.yaml."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Twig compiles templates into PHP classes and stores them in a cache directory so they are reused on subsequent requests until the source template changes."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In the Symfony dev environment, the container is cached and only recompiled when tracked files (config, service definitions, etc.) have changed since the last dump, not on every single request."}

{"answer": "APP_ENV", "explanation": "In Symfony, the APP_ENV environment variable determines the active environment (e.g., dev, prod, test)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony controller actions must be public methods; the router invokes them from outside the class, so private or protected methods cannot be used as routed actions."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Priority is determined by the numeric priority value assigned at registration time, not by whether the handler is a subscriber or a listener; both can have any priority."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony 6.0 removed the legacy guard authentication system, and the modern authenticator-based system (AuthenticatorInterface) is the standard for building authentication."}

{"answer": "IsGranted", "explanation": "The Symfony #[IsGranted] attribute is placed on a controller method to verify the user has a specific role or permission, throwing a 403 AccessDeniedException if not."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Voters (implementing VoteInterface) are Symfony's mechanism for object-level authorization, used via isGranted('EDIT', $post) to check permissions on a specific object."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony 7 (requiring PHP 8.2+) has removed support for the legacy doctrine/annotations style and mandates PHP 8 attributes (e.g., #[Assert\\NotBlank]) for validation constraints."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony forms include a CSRF token field by default and validate it on submission unless explicitly disabled with 'csrf_protection' => false."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony form constraints are always validated server-side; HTML5 client-side checks are merely a UX convenience and do not replace or prevent server-side validation."}

{"answer": "maker:form", "explanation": "The Symfony MakerBundle command `php bin/console maker:form` generates a FormType class for building forms."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony stores only the user's identity (e.g., username or ID) in the session to maintain the authenticated state; the password is never stored in the session."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In modern Symfony, bundle configurations are stored as individual YAML files in the config/packages/ directory, one per bundle or topic."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony (a common PHP framework), the .env file with development defaults is committed to the repo, while .env.local holds real secrets and is listed in .gitignore so it is never committed."}

{"answer": "debug:container", "explanation": "The Symfony command `debug:container` lists all registered services and their aliases in the service container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Symfony the container is frozen once the kernel boots, so calling setParameter() from a controller (at runtime) will throw a LogicException; parameters cannot be changed after the container is compiled and frozen."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Since Symfony 4.0, services are private by default (public: false); you must explicitly set public: true to retrieve them from the container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Many Symfony bundles work perfectly fine without a dedicated config file in config/packages, as they provide sensible defaults or require no configuration at all."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony, environment variables are referenced in configuration files such as services.yaml using the %env(VAR_NAME)% syntax."}

{"answer": "APP_DEBUG", "explanation": "The APP_DEBUG environment variable in Symfony controls debug mode, enabling the profiler and Twig debug helpers like dump() and dd()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger allows multiple handlers to be registered for the same message; they are invoked in order of their priority."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The sync transport handles the message immediately in the current process without queuing it for a worker; only async transports queue messages for a worker to pick up later."}

{"answer": "messenger:consume", "explanation": "In Symfony, the `messenger:consume` console command starts a worker that processes messages from the Messenger component's queues."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony Messenger, the retry_strategy (max_retries, multiplier, delay, etc.) is defined under each individual transport in the framework configuration."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger uses JSON as the default serialization format for messages when no custom serializer is configured."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony Scheduler (introduced in 6.3) generates messages according to a defined schedule and dispatches them via the Messenger component for asynchronous processing."}

{"answer": "doctrine", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger's 'doctrine' transport persists messages in database tables using Doctrine ORM/DBAL."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger allows you to register custom middleware in the pipeline, and you can place them before or after the built-in middleware by configuring their order in the service container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony major releases come approximately every year, not every two years, while minor releases do come every six months in May and November."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "Symfony 8 requires a minimum PHP version of 8.4, following the pattern of each major Symfony version bumping the required PHP version."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 7.0 removed support for docblock annotations; PHP attributes (or YAML/XML) are the only supported ways to define validation constraints and routes."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's AssetMapper component resolves CSS/JS imports natively in PHP and is configured through the importmap.php file, eliminating the need for Node.js or webpack."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 6.4 is one of the long-term support (LTS) releases within the 6.x cycle; the .4 minor releases are specifically designated for extended production support."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony's deprecation policy explicitly states that features deprecated in one major version are removed in the next major version; that is the entire purpose of the deprecation cycle."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony publishes UPGRADE guides (e.g., UPGRADE-5.0.md, UPGRADE-6.0.md) with every major release to document breaking changes and deprecations."}

{"answer": "AssetMapper", "explanation": "Symfony's AssetMapper component (introduced in Symfony 7) manages frontend assets and, together with the ImportMap component, eliminates the need for Node.js/webpack."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Based on Symfony's typical release cycle (major versions in November, minor versions every ~6 months), Symfony 8.2 would not have been released by early November 2026."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Following Symfony's six-month release cycle, Symfony 8.2 would not be reached until approximately 2028; November 2026 would correspond to a Symfony 7.x release (e.g., 7.3)."}

{"answer": "8.2", "explanation": "Symfony versions increment the minor number sequentially, so the version immediately following 8.1 is 8.2."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 8.2 is a minor release (x.2), not a major one; minor releases follow semver and do not introduce breaking API changes requiring rewrites."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP follows a compatibility promise for minor version bumps (8.1 → 8.2), meaning no breaking changes are introduced and existing code should continue to work without modifications."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "Symfony follows a pattern of 5 minor releases per major branch (e.g., 5.0–5.4, 6.0–6.4), so the 8.x branch ends at 8.4 before Symfony 9.0."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no confirmed Symfony 8.2 release requiring PHP 8.5; this statement is not based on an actual announced version requirement."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's deprecation policy states that deprecations introduced in the 8.x series are removed in the next major version (9.0), meaning they are not removed before 9.0."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Twig's {{ }} syntax only allows its own expressions (variables, filters, functions, method calls on whitelisted objects); it does not permit arbitrary raw PHP code execution."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Twig has auto-escaping enabled by default (using the 'html' strategy) to prevent XSS attacks on all printed variables."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The Twig |e (escape) filter defaults to HTML context, escaping characters like <, >, &, \", and ' for safe HTML output."}

{"answer": "locale_number", "explanation": "The twig/intl-extra package provides the locale_number filter, which formats a number according to a given locale using PHP's intl NumberFormatter."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Twig (a PHP templating engine), the |raw (or |safe) filter marks a value as trusted and disables auto-escaping."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Twig, double curly braces {{ }} are for outputting expression values, while double percent signs {% %} are for control structures and tags like if, for, and set."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Twig allows you to declare variables inside a template using the {% set %} tag, e.g. {% set message = 'Hello' %}."}

{"answer": "dump", "explanation": "Twig's `dump()` function outputs the debug structure of a variable (array, object, etc.), similar to PHP's var_dump()."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap is a CSS/JS library providing ready-made UI components (buttons, modals, grid system, etc.), not a Single Page Application framework like React, Angular, or Vue."}

{"answer": "container", "explanation": "The .container class in Bootstrap provides a responsive fixed-width container that adjusts its max-width at each breakpoint (sm, md, lg, xl, xxl)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Bootstrap grid splits a row into 12 columns (not 16), and modern Bootstrap (v4+) uses CSS Flexbox rather than floats."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap 5 defines six breakpoints (xs, sm, md, lg, xl, xxl), but xs has no infix in class names, leaving exactly five named infixes: sm, md, lg, xl, xxl."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Bootstrap, utilities like .mt-3 and .px-2 calculate their value as the number multiplied by the $spacer variable (e.g., margin-top: calc($spacer * 3))."}

{"answer": "data-bs-toggle", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, the data-bs-toggle attribute (e.g., data-bs-toggle=\"dropdown\") is what activates/enables an interactive component on an element."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap 5 removed its jQuery dependency and all interactive components are powered by vanilla JavaScript (with Popper.js for tooltips/popovers)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, dark mode is enabled by setting the data-bs-theme=\"dark\" attribute on the <html> element, not a .dark class."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Doctrine ORM does not auto-create tables at runtime; you must explicitly generate the schema via SchemaTool or run Doctrine Migrations to create or alter tables."}

{"answer": "persist", "explanation": "EntityManager::persist() marks a new entity as managed and schedules an INSERT, but the SQL is only executed upon flush()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Doctrine ORM 3, the EntityManager::merge() method was removed entirely; it no longer exists."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "DQL (Doctrine Query Language) operates at the entity level, referencing entities and their mapped fields/properties rather than raw database tables and columns."}

{"answer": "null", "explanation": "Doctrine's Repository::find() method returns null when no entity with the given ID is found."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "DoctrineBundle in Symfony does not automatically call flush() at the end of every request; you must explicitly call $em->flush() to persist changes to the database."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The Unit of Work tracks all managed entities and detects property changes during flush(), generating an UPDATE without requiring a new persist() call."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Doctrine ORM, remove() only schedules the entity for deletion in the Unit of Work; the actual SQL DELETE is executed when flush() is called."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "MVCC in PostgreSQL is designed so that readers do NOT block writers and writers do NOT block readers; each sees a consistent snapshot via multiple row versions."}

{"answer": "EXPLAIN", "explanation": "The EXPLAIN SQL command displays a query's execution plan (access type, possible keys, etc.) without actually running the query."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "SERIAL creates a separate sequence object plus a default, while GENERATED AS IDENTITY is a column-level attribute (SQL standard); they differ in management, semantics (ALWAYS vs BY DEFAULT), and object lifecycle."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, PostgreSQL treats NULL values as distinct from each other in a UNIQUE constraint, so multiple rows can have NULL in that column."}

{"answer": "string_agg", "explanation": "PostgreSQL's string_agg() aggregate function concatenates strings together with a specified separator."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Plain VACUUM marks space occupied by dead tuples as reusable within the table but does not return it to the operating system; only VACUUM FULL rewrites the table and returns disk space to the OS."}

{"answer": "PARTITION", "explanation": "In a SQL window function, the PARTITION BY clause divides rows into groups over which the window function is computed."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "READ COMMITTED only prevents dirty reads; non-repeatable reads require at least the REPEATABLE READ isolation level to be prevented."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "By default, PostgreSQL runs each SQL statement in its own implicit transaction (autocommit mode) unless you explicitly begin a transaction with BEGIN/START TRANSACTION."}

{"answer": "COMMIT", "explanation": "The COMMIT SQL command ends a transaction and permanently saves all changes made within it."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Indexes are used by the query optimizer to quickly locate rows for SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations alike, avoiding full table scans."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PostgreSQL's SAVEPOINT allows rolling back to a specific point within a transaction without aborting the entire transaction."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "EXPLAIN ANALYZE actually executes the query to collect real timing and row-count statistics, whereas plain EXPLAIN shows the plan without executing it."}

{"answer": "pgvector", "explanation": "pgvector is the PostgreSQL extension that adds a vector data type along with IVFFlat and HNSW index types for efficient similarity search on embeddings."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A partial index in PostgreSQL (and similar databases) only indexes rows that satisfy the WHERE condition, reducing index size and improving performance."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PostgreSQL implements SERIALIZABLE using Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI), which detects serialization anomalies via transaction metadata rather than by locking read rows."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "HTTP 201 Created indicates that the request has been successfully processed and a new resource has been created as a result."}

{"answer": 204, "explanation": "HTTP 204 'No Content' indicates the server successfully processed the request but is returning no response body, commonly used after DELETE operations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "RFC 7231 (§4.3.2) explicitly lists DELETE among the idempotent methods, meaning repeating the request does not further change the server's state (the resource is already gone)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Access-Control-Allow-Origin header is sent by the server (not the client) to indicate which origin is permitted to access the resource."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "HTTP 429 Too Many Requests is defined specifically to indicate that a client has exceeded a rate limit."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "It's the opposite: 4xx codes indicate client errors and 5xx codes indicate server errors."}

{"answer": "Content-Type", "explanation": "The Content-Type HTTP header specifies the MIME type of the request or response body."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "RFC 5789 explicitly states that PATCH is not idempotent, while PUT (defined in RFC 9110/7231) is required to be idempotent."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Using == for hash comparison is vulnerable to timing attacks; hash_equals() should be used instead for constant-time comparison."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A CSRF token is indeed generated by the server, tied to the user's session, and validated server-side on state-changing (unsafe) HTTP methods such as POST, PUT, or DELETE."}

{"answer": "Content-Security-Policy", "explanation": "The Content-Security-Policy HTTP header is used by web developers to declare which resources are allowed to load and execute on a page, thereby mitigating XSS and data injection attacks."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "OAuth 2.0 is an authorization protocol, not an authentication protocol; the access token grants permission to access resources, while user identity is handled by OpenID Connect (ID token)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "XSS is best prevented by context-appropriate output encoding at the point of rendering, not by input validation before storage, because the required escaping depends on the output context (HTML, JS, CSS, URL) and data may be legitimate at input time but dangerous in a particular output context."}

{"answer": "code", "explanation": "In the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, the 'code' parameter is returned to the redirect_uri and then exchanged at the token endpoint for an access token."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A refresh token has a longer validity period than an access token and is used to request a new access token without requiring the user to log in again."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A salt does not need to be kept secret; it is typically stored alongside the hash (e.g., in a database) and its purpose is to prevent rainbow-table attacks, not to provide secrecy."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHPUnit requires test classes to extend PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase in order to recognize and run their test methods."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "setUp() runs before each individual test method; setUpBeforeClass() is the one that runs once before all tests in the class."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A data provider is designed to supply multiple sets of arguments, causing the test to run once per dataset, not just once."}

{"answer": "expectException", "explanation": "PHPUnit's expectException() method declares that an exception of a specified class is expected to be thrown."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The statement is reversed: a stub only returns pre-programmed data, while a mock object also verifies which methods were called (it is a stub with expectations)."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHPUnit 10+, the #[DataProvider] attribute is the recommended and supported way, while the @dataProvider docblock annotation has been deprecated."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHPUnit supports test dependencies via the @depends annotation or #[Depends] attribute, allowing a test to receive the return value of another test."}

{"answer": "--random-order", "explanation": "The PHPUnit command-line option --random-order shuffles the order in which tests are executed."}

{"answer": "3-3", "explanation": "intdiv(7,2) gives 3 and intdiv(-7,2) gives -3 (truncation toward zero), concatenated with the dot operator yields the string \"3-3\"."}

{"answer": -9, "explanation": "In PHP, the exponentiation operator ** has higher precedence than unary minus, so -3 ** 2 is parsed as -(3**2) = -9."}

{"answer": "true", "explanation": "In PHP (prior to 8.0), both '1e1' and '10' are numeric strings, so they are compared numerically; '1e1' is scientific notation for 10, so 10 == 10 is true."}

{"answer": "other", "explanation": "The string 'a' is not loosely equal to 0, so the default case executes and outputs 'other'."}

{"answer": "2c", "explanation": "strtr with an array replaces the longest matching key first at each position, so 'ab' (length 2) matches before 'a' (length 1), giving '2c'."}

{"answer": "[]", "explanation": "substr('hello', -10) returns an empty string because the negative start position (-10) exceeds the string length (5), so nothing is extracted, resulting in empty brackets."}

{"answer": "k,n,m", "explanation": "The + operator merges arrays with left-operand keys taking precedence, so $a+$b = ['k'=>1,'n'=>2,'m'=>3], and implode of its keys gives 'k,n,m'."}

{"answer": "yxz", "explanation": "The array is sorted by the third element (index 2) ascending, giving [2,'y',1], [1,'x',2], [3,'z',2], then array_column extracts the second element from each sub-array, resulting in 'yxz'."}

{"answer": 4, "explanation": "The spread operator with an associative array passes arguments by name, so $a=5 and $b=1, giving 5-1=4."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The first-class callable syntax $p->g(...) creates a Closure bound to the object $p; even after $p is set to null, the closure still holds a reference to the object, so calling $f() invokes g() on the original instance and returns 3."}

{"answer": "B", "explanation": "static::class uses late static binding, so it resolves to the actual class of the object (B), not the defining class (A)."}

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "The set hook doubles the value (5*2=10), and reassigning within the hook does not re-trigger it, so the property stores 10."}

{"answer": "BA", "explanation": "TB::f insteadof TA makes f() return 'B', and TA::f as g aliases TA's f() to g() returning 'A', so the concatenation is 'BA'."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "Each class using a trait gets its own independent copy of the trait's static properties, so modifying CX::$n does not affect CY::$n."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "A return statement in a finally block overrides the return value from the try block, so the function returns 2."}

{"answer": "second", "explanation": "The finally block throws a LogicException which replaces the original RuntimeException, and that LogicException is caught by the outer catch block, printing its message 'second'."}

{"answer": "App\\Foo|Baz", "explanation": "Baz::class resolves via the use alias to 'App\\Foo', while \\Baz::class references the global class 'Baz' directly."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "class_exists('Foo') checks for a global class Foo (not Ns\\Foo) so it returns no; class_exists('Ns\\\\Foo') finds the defined class and returns yes."}

{"answer": "1,2,99", "explanation": "The foreach loop leaves $v as a reference to the last element of $a, so assigning 99 to $v changes the last element, resulting in [1, 2, 99]."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "Static variables in PHP are shared per-class (where defined), so all calls to inc() on A or B share the same counter, which reaches 3 after three increments."}

{"answer": 11, "explanation": "send(10) starts the generator, the yield 1 receives 10 so $x=10, then return 10+1=11, and getReturn() retrieves 11."}

{"answer": "1,2,ok", "explanation": "yield from inner() yields 1 and 2, then the return value 'ok' is assigned to $r and yielded, producing the sequence 1, 2, ok."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "The first check compares cost 4 with cost 4 (no rehash needed → 'no'), the second compares cost 4 with cost 5 (rehash needed → 'yes')."}

{"answer": "strict-out", "explanation": "In PHP 8.4+, E_STRICT (2048) was removed from E_ALL, so (E_ALL & 2048) === 0 evaluates to true, yielding 'strict-out'."}

{"answer": "mapped", "explanation": "Symfony's HeaderBag normalizes both the stored key (HTTP_X_TOKEN → x-token) and the lookup key (X-Token → x-token) to the same form, so the value is found."}

{"answer": "BCA", "explanation": "Symfony EventDispatcher calls listeners in descending priority order (10, 5, 0), so B, C, A are appended in that order."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "Doctrine ORM's identity map ensures that $em->find() returns the same managed instance for the same entity ID, so both $a and $b reference the identical object."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "When an entity is persisted and then removed before flush, Doctrine cancels the scheduled INSERT (no DELETE is issued since it was never in the DB), so flush is a no-op and the table remains empty."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "COUNT(x) counts only non-NULL values in column x, so it returns 1 (excluding the NULL row)."}

{"answer": "10,30,60", "explanation": "The window function sum(x) OVER (ORDER BY id) produces running totals (10, 30, 60), and string_agg concatenates them in id order with commas."}

{"answer": "M1M2", "explanation": "Each middleware echoes its tag before delegating to the next one in the stack, so M1 echoes first, then M2 echoes, producing 'M1M2'."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "HandleMessageMiddleware calls HandlersLocator::getHandler() which returns only the first matching handler descriptor ($d1), so $n is incremented by 1 only."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The first INSERT adds row (1), the second INSERT is a no-op due to ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING, so count(*) returns 1."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "Because the UNIQUE constraint is DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED, both INSERTs succeed within the transaction; the duplicate is only detected at COMMIT, so SELECT count(*) returns 2."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "The --filter 'test_sum' regex matches both test_sum (3 data provider sets) and test_sum_abs (3 data provider sets), totaling 6 tests."}

{"answer": "2, 1", "explanation": "The DataProvider supplies two datasets ([1] and [-1]), so the test runs twice; the second run with -1 fails because -1 > 0 is false."}

{"answer": "POST", "explanation": "The -d flag in curl sends data in the request body and implicitly sets the HTTP method to POST."}

{"answer": "GET", "explanation": "The -G flag tells curl to use the GET method and append the -d data as a query string in the URL."}

{"answer": "invalid_client", "explanation": "RFC 6749 Section 5.2 specifies that when client authentication fails (e.g., a non-existent client_id), the token endpoint returns the error code 'invalid_client'."}

{"answer": "fragment", "explanation": "In the OAuth 2.0 implicit grant (response_type=token), the access token is returned in the URL fragment (after '#') of the redirect_uri, so it is not sent to the server or stored in logs."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "The default filter only replaces null/undefined values, so false passes through unchanged, and false * 3 evaluates to 0 in PHP/Twig arithmetic."}

{"answer": "a3", "explanation": "In Twig, 1+2 evaluates to 3, and the ~ operator concatenates the string 'a' with the integer 3, producing the string 'a3'."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "NotBlank on an array only checks if the array is empty (count === 0); since [''] has one element, the constraint passes and there are 0 violations."}

{"answer": "Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Exception\\UnexpectedTypeException", "explanation": "Calling isValid() on a form that was never submitted (no data passed) throws an UnexpectedTypeException because the form's data is null instead of the expected array/string type."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "Symfony DI services are singletons by default, so calling get('a') twice returns the same stdClass instance, making the spl_object_id comparison true."}

{"answer": "hi Bob!", "explanation": "Symfony's ContainerBuilder resolves parameter references recursively during compilation: %greeting%! → hi %name%! → hi Bob!"}

{"answer": "960px", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5.3, the .container max-width at the ≥992px breakpoint is 960px."}

{"answer": "text-danger", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5.3's generated CSS, .text-danger appears after .text-primary in the stylesheet (following the $theme-colors map order), so with equal specificity it wins the cascade."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "The Domain layer class depends on both Application (PlaceOrder) and Infrastructure (Db), but Domain may only depend on Domain, resulting in 2 violations."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The Domain class depends on Application\\PlaceOrder and two Infrastructure classes (Db, Logger), each violating the 'Domain → Domain only' rule."}

{"answer": "10,15", "explanation": "Money is immutable (readonly property), so $a remains 10 and $c gets 10+5=15, producing the string '10,15'."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The remove() method throws a DomainException when only one item remains, so unset() is never executed and the item stays, making count() return 1."}

{"answer": "hi", "explanation": "The code creates an instance of class C and calls its hi() method, which returns the string 'hi', and echoes it."}

{"answer": "yesno", "explanation": "Before accessing $o->v the lazy ghost is uninitialized (prints 'yes'); after the property access triggers the initializer callback, it becomes initialized (prints 'no')."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Symfony Guard authentication system (including AbstractGuardAuthenticator) was removed in Symfony 6.0, so the class does not exist in 8.1."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "AnnotationClassLoader was removed in Symfony 6.0 (deprecated in 5.3), so it doesn't exist in 8.1; AttributeClassLoader has been the replacement since 5.3 and still exists in 8.1."}