Карта знаний PHP — qwen3.8:latest, run-38 · think: medium

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Double-quoted strings support variable interpolation and full escape sequences, while single-quoted strings do not, so they are not processed identically—the difference is functional, not only in speed."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The null coalescing operator (??) internally uses isset() semantics, so it returns the right-hand value without raising any notice or warning for undefined variables."}

{"answer": "ab", "explanation": "In PHP, echo with comma-separated arguments prints them concatenated together without any separator, so it outputs 'ab'."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, print is a language construct that outputs a string and returns the integer 1, and unlike echo it can be used in an expression (e.g., $x = print \"hello\";)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Elvis operator (?:) returns the left operand when it is truthy, and the right operand when the left is falsy."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, the concatenation operator (.) has lower precedence than arithmetic operators like + and -, so in an expression like 5 + 3 . 'hello', the addition is evaluated first, yielding '8hello'."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The ** operator in PHP is right-associative, so 2 ** 3 ** 2 evaluates as 2 ** (3 ** 2) = 2 ** 9 = 512, not (2 ** 3) ** 2 = 64."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The concatenation operator '.' has higher precedence than '+', so it parses as ('sum: ' . 2) + 3, which is 'sum: 2' + 3, and the non-numeric string casts to 0, yielding 3."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "With ===, arrays are considered equal only if they have the same key/value pairs in the same order and are of the same type; order matters."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "0 == false uses loose comparison (==) and actually returns true, since 0 and false are considered equal in a non-strict comparison."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP 8, comparing a non-numeric string to an integer performs a string comparison ('abc' == '0'), which is false, unlike PHP 7 where the string was cast to 0."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP's loose comparison (==), null is considered equal to 0, the empty string \"\", and false, all at the same time."}

{"answer": 42, "explanation": "Casting a string to int in PHP reads the leading numeric portion, so '42abc' becomes 42."}

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "In PHP, the numeric string '5' is cast to an integer when used with the + operator, so '5' + 5 equals 10."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, casting false to a string yields an empty string \"\", not \"0\"; it is (int)false that gives 0."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Due to floating-point precision, 0.1 + 0.2 yields 0.30000000000000004, which is not strictly equal (===) to 0.3."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "strrev() reverses a string byte by byte, which corrupts multi-byte UTF-8 characters; you need mb-based or regex-based reversal for correct UTF-8 handling."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The string 'Hello world' does contain the substring 'world', so str_contains returns true."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "str_pad() can pad on the right (STR_PAD_RIGHT, default), left (STR_PAD_LEFT), or both (STR_PAD_BOTH)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, trim() strips spaces, tabs, newlines, carriage returns, null bytes, and vertical tabs — not just spaces."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "strlen() counts bytes: 'h'(1) + 'é'(2 in UTF-8) + 'l'(1) + 'l'(1) + 'o'(1) = 6 bytes."}

{"answer": "def", "explanation": "substr('abcdef', -3) starts 3 characters from the end of the string, returning the substring 'def'."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "ucfirst() returns a new string with the first character uppercased; it does not modify the original string in place (PHP strings are passed by value)."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Heredoc supports variable interpolation like double-quoted strings, while nowdoc (delimited by single quotes) treats all content as literal text, similar to single-quoted strings."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP's sort() re-indexes the array with sequential numeric keys, while asort() is the function that preserves key-to-value associations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP automatically converts string keys that represent valid integers into integer keys, so '5' is stored as the integer 5."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "in_array() uses loose comparison (==) by default; you must pass true as the third $strict parameter to use === comparison."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Without a callback, array_filter() keeps only elements that are truthy, effectively removing all falsy values (0, '', null, false, '0', empty array)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The fourth parameter $preserve_keys defaults to false, so array_slice() reindexes the array starting from 0 by default."}

{"answer": "[20, 30]", "explanation": "array_slice starts at index 1 and takes 2 elements, giving the subarray [20, 30]."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "The + operator merges arrays with left-side keys taking precedence, so the result is ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2], which has 2 elements."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 8.1 introduced the array spread operator which supports both integer and string keys."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Named arguments can be combined with argument unpacking (...$args) in a single call, as long as the named arguments are placed before the spread operator (e.g., foo(a: 1, ...$args))."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, closures do not have access to outer-scope variables unless they are explicitly passed via the 'use' keyword."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "func_num_args() returns the number of arguments passed to the function call (3), regardless of the declared parameter count (1)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "An arrow function (fn) in PHP can only contain a single expression after the '=>' and does not support a curly-brace body with multiple expressions."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP arrow functions (fn) capture outer variables by value at the time of creation, not by reference."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, a static closure explicitly excludes $this from its scope, so it cannot access or capture the object instance."}

{"answer": 5, "explanation": "The use($x) in the closure captures the value of $x (5) by value at the time the closure is created, so the later reassignment to 7 does not affect it."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In weak typing mode (the default without strict_types=1), PHP will coerce the string '5' to the integer 5 when passed to an int-typed parameter."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Constructor property promotion was introduced in PHP 8.0, allowing properties to be declared directly in constructor parameters with visibility modifiers like 'private'."}

{"answer": "final", "explanation": "In PHP, the 'final' keyword prevents a method from being overridden in subclasses."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, the 'final' keyword on a method prevents it from being overridden in any subclass."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, private properties are only accessible within the class where they are declared and are not visible to subclasses."}

{"answer": "class@anonymous", "explanation": "In PHP, get_class() on an anonymous class returns a string like 'class@anonymous/path:line\\0<random>', so the part before the NUL byte without the file path is 'class@anonymous'."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, private methods are completely hidden from child classes and are not part of the inheritance contract, so a child class is free to declare a method with the same name at any visibility level without conflict."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "__get() is called for both non-existent and inaccessible (private/protected) properties, not only non-existent ones."}

{"answer": "Error", "explanation": "Reassigning a readonly property throws a TypeError, which extends \\Error, not \\Exception."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP interfaces allow public constant declarations alongside method signatures."}

{"answer": "instanceof", "explanation": "In PHP, the 'instanceof' operator checks whether an object is an instance of a specific class or implements a specific interface."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, interfaces can only declare public, abstract (non-static) methods; declaring a static method in an interface results in a fatal error."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP's instanceof operator checks both class inheritance and interface implementation; it returns true if the object is an instance of the class or implements the interface."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, interface methods must be abstract and cannot have a body or default implementation; only traits (and abstract classes) can provide concrete method implementations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, abstract methods can be declared with public, protected, or (since 7.1) private visibility; protected is a valid and common choice."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The enum Foo defines three cases (A, B, C), so Foo::cases() returns an array of 3 elements."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP traits can declare constants alongside methods and properties, though they cannot declare non-constant properties or constructors."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP 7+, Throwable is the common interface implemented by both Exception and Error, making it their shared ancestor."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, TypeError extends Error (not Exception), so a catch (Exception $e) block will not catch it; you would need catch (Throwable $e) or catch (Error $e)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The @ operator only suppresses error reporting (warnings, notices, etc.), not exceptions, which are handled separately via try/catch."}

{"answer": "DivisionByZeroError", "explanation": "intdiv(5, 0) throws a DivisionByZeroError, which is a subclass of ArithmeticError, when the divisor is zero."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The finally block always executes, regardless of whether an exception was thrown, caught, or not present at all."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, an exception thrown in a finally block supersedes (replaces) any exception from the try block, so it does have an effect."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, casting any object (including a new Exception) to bool always evaluates to true."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Shutdown functions registered with register_shutdown_function() are executed during script termination, which includes when exit() or die() is called."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The 'use' statement only creates a local alias for a fully qualified class name; the class file is not loaded until the class is actually referenced (e.g., instantiated), at which point the autoloader triggers."}

{"answer": "function", "explanation": "In PHP, the syntax to import a function is 'use function namespace\\functionName;', while 'use const' is used for importing constants."}

{"answer": "Controller/Api/UserController.php", "explanation": "PSR-4 strips the mapped prefix 'App\\' and converts the remaining namespace segments 'Controller\\Api\\UserController' into a relative file path with a .php extension."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Composer's vendor/autoload.php registers its PSR-4, PSR-0, and classmap autoloaders by calling spl_autoload_register() for each."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "__NAMESPACE__ is a PHP magic constant that returns the name of the current namespace (or an empty string if in the global namespace)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "An unqualified class name in PHP is resolved relative to the current namespace, not from the global root; only a leading backslash (\\) forces global resolution."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PSR-4 maps the prefix App\\ to src/, and the remaining sub-namespace Model\\User translates to Model/User.php, giving the full path src/Model/User.php."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, a 'use' statement for namespace imports is a compile-time directive that must appear at the top level of a file or within a namespace block; it cannot be placed inside a function body."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, arrays are copied by value on assignment by default; you must explicitly use the & operator to pass an array by reference."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "PHP arrays are passed by value (Copy on Write), so modifying $b does not affect $a, which still contains [1, 2]."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, variables defined in the global scope are not visible inside a function unless accessed via the global keyword, the $GLOBALS superglobal array, or passed as parameters."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "$GLOBALS is a reference to the global symbol table, so unset($GLOBALS['x']) removes the variable globally, not just within that function's scope."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "The function takes $x by reference, so $n is incremented from 5 to 6 before echo is called."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A PHP foreach (by value) iterates over a fixed snapshot of the array's elements; modifications to the array during the loop do not affect the current iteration."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A static property belongs to the class, not to individual instances, so all objects share the same value and changes are visible in every instance."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, boolean array keys are cast to integers: true becomes 1 and false becomes 0, so it is stored as an int, not a bool."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP generators, a return statement with a value is allowed, and once the generator is fully exhausted, the value can be retrieved via $gen->getReturn()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP generators are one-shot iterators; once fully consumed, they cannot be rewound or traversed again."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The yield from construct (as in Python) does delegate iteration/traversal to another generator or iterable, allowing a generator to transparently yield items from a sub-iterable."}

{"answer": "Generator", "explanation": "A function containing yield is a generator function, and calling it returns a Generator object, so get_class() returns the string \"Generator\"."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The generator yields 1, 2, 3; iterator_to_array converts it to [1, 2, 3]; count returns 3."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "SplStack implements a LIFO (Last In, First Out) stack, not a FIFO queue; SplQueue is the one that implements a FIFO queue."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "ArrayIterator is a built-in PHP class that wraps an array and implements the Iterator interface, allowing traversal via methods like current(), next(), key(), valid(), and rewind()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "ArrayObject implements Iterator and IteratorAggregate, so it can be directly traversed with foreach."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "password_hash() always generates a random salt internally and embeds it in the returned hash string; its signature has no parameter for supplying a custom salt."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP 8, PASSWORD_DEFAULT is Argon2id (not md5); md5 is a fast, unsalted-by-default hash algorithm unsuitable for password storage."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "password_verify compares the plain-text string against the hash produced by password_hash of the same string, so it returns the boolean true."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "strip_tags() only removes HTML/PHP tags and has no effect on SQL injection payloads; SQL injection must be prevented with parameterized queries or proper escaping."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "session_regenerate_id() creates a new session ID upon login, invalidating any previously known ID an attacker may have set, thereby preventing session fixation attacks."}

{"answer": "php_sapi_name()", "explanation": "The built-in function php_sapi_name() returns the name of the current SAPI (Server API) module, such as 'cli', 'apache2', or 'fpm-fcgi'."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "session_destroy() only removes the session data on the server side; the PHPSESSID cookie in the browser remains until it expires or is explicitly deleted with setcookie()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The $_SESSION array is only available and populated after session_start() is called; without it, no session data is loaded."}

{"answer": "not a real PHP function", "explanation": "PHP does not have a built-in array_find() function; it has array_filter(), in_array(), and array_search() instead."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Property hooks (defining get/set logic directly in the property declaration) were indeed introduced in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Asymmetric visibility, allowing different visibility for reading and writing a property (e.g., public private(set) string $name), was indeed introduced in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "The #[\\NoDiscard] attribute was introduced in PHP 8.4 to indicate that a function's return value should not be ignored."}

{"answer": "none", "explanation": "PHP has never implemented a pipe operator (|>) in any released version; it does not exist in the PHP language."}

{"answer": "does not exist", "explanation": "PHP has never introduced a clone-with syntax (clone($obj, ['x' => 1])); the clone keyword only performs a shallow copy with no parameter for property overrides."}

{"answer": "These functions do not exist in any PHP version", "explanation": "array_first() and array_last() are not built-in PHP functions in any released version of PHP."}

{"answer": "not adopted", "explanation": "There is no known PHP RFC titled 'Partial Function Application v2'; this does not correspond to any accepted PHP feature."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "The clamp() function (RFC clamp_v2) was implemented in PHP 8.4."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no known adopted PHP RFC titled 'Context Managers v2'; this does not correspond to a recognized, accepted PHP RFC."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no verified PHP RFC titled 'Bound-Erased Generic Types' that was declined in 2026; this appears to be a fabricated claim."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "As of the known PHP development timeline, no RFC to make ZTS (multithreading) the default build has been accepted; PHP continues to default to NTS builds."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP has never included built-in generics or parameterized types, and PHP 8.5 does not introduce them either."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Following PHP's annual November release cycle, PHP 8.5 would have been released around November 2025, making it the latest stable version as of 2026-11-07, while PHP 8.6's GA on 2026-11-19 is still in the future."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 6 was a planned major revision that was never released; the team renumbered the project and shipped PHP 7.0 directly after PHP 5.6."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The RFC proposing a #[\\Deprecated] attribute for PHP core was not adopted; PHP continues to handle deprecation via docblock annotations and E_DEPRECATED notices."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Clean/Onion Architecture, the Dependency Rule mandates that all source-code dependencies point only inward toward the center (the domain), meaning inner layers have no knowledge of outer layers."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In a well-structured DDD application, domain entities should be pure PHP classes free of framework (Symfony) and ORM (Doctrine) dependencies, using only the language and possibly the standard library."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Controllers and Twig templates belong to the presentation (UI) layer; they are responsible for handling HTTP requests and rendering views, not for containing business logic, even though they call use cases."}

{"answer": "Domain", "explanation": "In the onion architecture, the innermost layer at the center contains the domain model or enterprise business rules (entities and core business logic)."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Tools like deptrac enforce layer dependency rules and fail the build when a forbidden cross-layer call is detected, automatically catching boundary violations."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A use case (interactor) should depend on abstractions (interfaces, DTOs) rather than framework-specific classes like HTTP requests or EntityManagers, to keep business logic decoupled, testable, and framework-agnostic."}

{"answer": "Repository", "explanation": "The Repository pattern in DDD provides a collection-like interface for accessing domain aggregates/entities while abstracting the underlying storage mechanism behind an interface."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Clean Architecture, the database lives in the outermost layer (Frameworks & Drivers); use cases depend only on repository interfaces, so swapping PostgreSQL for another DB requires changes only in the outer implementation layer while domain entities and use cases remain untouched."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In DDD, an aggregate is a cluster of domain objects with a defined consistency boundary, not a synonym for a database table; it is a domain-level concept that may be persisted across multiple tables."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Value Objects are defined by their immutability and value-based equality (compared by field values rather than object identity/reference)."}

{"answer": "Aggregate Root", "explanation": "In Domain-Driven Design, the Aggregate Root is the single entry point of an aggregate through which all external modifications must pass."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD, a repository is defined per aggregate (root), and entities within that aggregate are accessed through the root, not via their own repositories."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Domain-Driven Design, Ubiquitous Language is the shared vocabulary used consistently by both developers and domain experts to ensure clear communication between the model and the business domain."}

{"answer": "domain", "explanation": "In model theory, the domain (or universe of discourse) is the boundary within which a model consistently interprets its language, while outside it the same symbols may be interpreted differently in other models."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "DDD explicitly advocates for rich domain models where entities and value objects encapsulate their own business logic, making anemic models (data-only objects with logic in services) an anti-pattern in DDD."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD, a bounded context defines its own internal model, so the same universal concept (e.g., 'Product') can be represented by different classes with different attributes in different contexts."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's DI container defines services and their dependencies but does not instantiate them until they are actually requested (i.e., on first use)."}

{"answer": "debug:router", "explanation": "The Symfony console command `debug:router` lists all registered routes in the application."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony autowiring automatically resolves dependencies via type hints, so you do not need to manually declare every service in services.yaml; only services that cannot be auto-resolved require explicit configuration."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Twig compiles templates into PHP classes (extending Twig\\Template) and caches the compiled output to avoid re-compilation on subsequent requests."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony's dev environment the container is compiled once and cached; it is only rebuilt when the modification times of tracked files (config, service definitions, etc.) indicate a change, not on every request."}

{"answer": "APP_ENV", "explanation": "In Symfony (5+), the APP_ENV environment variable (e.g., APP_ENV=prod or APP_ENV=dev) selects the active runtime environment."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony controller methods must be public; private or protected methods cannot be invoked by the routing/controller resolver."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In frameworks like Symfony, the call order of event subscribers and listeners is determined by their numeric priority value, not by whether they implement a subscriber interface; a subscriber with a lower priority is called after a listener with a higher priority."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The guard authentication system was deprecated in Symfony 5.3 and removed in 6.0, replaced by the new AuthenticatorInterface-based system."}

{"answer": "IsGranted", "explanation": "The #[IsGranted] attribute in Symfony checks a role or permission on a controller method and returns a 403 Forbidden response if the user lacks the required access."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony Voters are the built-in mechanism for object-level security, allowing you to check permissions on a specific subject (e.g., isGranted('EDIT', $post))."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony 7+ (requiring PHP 8.2+) removed support for the old Doctrine Annotations syntax and mandates native PHP attributes (e.g. #[Assert\\NotBlank]) for validation constraints."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's Form component enables CSRF protection by default; a CSRF token field is automatically added to every form and validated on submission unless explicitly disabled."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony always performs server-side form validation regardless of client-side (HTML5) validation results, as client-side checks are only for UX and cannot be trusted."}

{"answer": "make:form", "explanation": "The Symfony MakerBundle command 'make:form' generates a FormType class for creating forms."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony never stores the plain-text password in the session; it stores a hashed credential (e.g., bcrypt hash) as part of the security token, and the password itself is only used transiently during the authentication check."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony 4+, bundle configuration is recommended to be stored in config/packages/, with one file per bundle or topic (e.g., doctrine.yaml, twig.yaml)."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "This is a common and recommended pattern (e.g., in Symfony): the committed .env holds safe dev defaults, while .env.local (gitignored) stores real secrets."}

{"answer": "debug:container", "explanation": "The Symfony command 'debug:container' (alias 'container:debug') lists all services and their aliases registered in the service container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Symfony container is frozen after compilation; while setParameter() exists on the base class, the container is designed to be immutable and modifying parameters at runtime is not a supported practice (already-injected services won't see the change)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Since Symfony 4, services are private by default; you must explicitly set public: true to make them fetchable from the container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Many Symfony bundles work perfectly fine without any configuration file in config/packages/; configuration is optional for most bundles."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony, environment variables are referenced in configuration files like services.yaml using the %env(VAR_NAME)% syntax."}

{"answer": "APP_DEBUG", "explanation": "In Symfony, the APP_DEBUG environment variable (set in .env) enables debug mode, which activates the profiler and Twig's debug features."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger allows registering multiple handlers for the same message class, and they can be invoked in priority order."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The sync transport handles the message immediately in the same process; it does not queue it for a worker like async transports do."}

{"answer": "messenger:consume", "explanation": "The Symfony console command `messenger:consume` starts a worker process that pulls and processes messages from Messenger queues."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Symfony Messenger, the retry_strategy (max_retries, delay, multiplier, etc.) is configured per transport in the framework configuration, with an optional global default."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger's SerializerTransport uses the Symfony Serializer component with JSON as the default serialization format."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony Scheduler schedules recurring tasks (closures/callbacks) to run at intervals; it does not dispatch messages through the Messenger component."}

{"answer": "doctrine", "explanation": "Symfony Messenger's built-in Doctrine transport (doctrine://) persists messages in database tables managed by Doctrine."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's Messenger middleware pipeline is fully extensible; you can register custom middleware at any position in the chain, before or after the built-in ones."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony major releases come every year, not every two years; minor releases do follow a six-month (May/November) cadence."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "Symfony 8 requires PHP 8.4 as its minimum supported version."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 7.0 removed support for docblock annotations; you must use PHP 8 attributes (or configuration) instead."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's AssetMapper component manages CSS/JS assets without requiring Node.js or webpack, using an importmap.php file to track and resolve imports."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 6.4 is an even-numbered minor release, which qualifies as a Long-Term Support (LTS) release with extended bug-fix and security support."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony's deprecation policy means that features deprecated in one major version are removed in the next major version, so moving to a new major release does remove prior deprecations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony includes an UPGRADE-<major>.<minor>.md file in the repository root for each major release documenting all breaking changes and deprecations."}

{"answer": "AssetMapper", "explanation": "Symfony's AssetMapper component manages assets and integrates with ImportMap to handle JavaScript/CSS dependencies without requiring Node.js or webpack."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Following Symfony's typical release cycle (major in November, .1 in ~May, .2 in ~November), Symfony 8.0 would land in November 2025 and 8.2 in November 2026, consistent with the date given."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony follows a six-month minor release cycle (May and November), so after 8.0 in November 2025 and 8.1 in May 2026, 8.2 would indeed be scheduled for November 2026."}

{"answer": "8.2", "explanation": "Symfony follows a sequential minor release cycle, so the version after 8.1 is 8.2."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 8.2 does not exist as a released version, and even major Symfony releases follow semantic versioning with deprecation paths rather than requiring a full rewrite."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP follows a policy where minor version updates within the same major branch (e.g., 8.1 to 8.2) maintain backward compatibility and do not require code changes."}

{"answer": "8.4", "explanation": "Following Symfony's consistent release pattern where each major branch ends at .4 (4.4, 5.4, 6.4, 7.4), the last minor version of the 8.x branch before 9.0 is 8.4."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 8.2 is not a known or announced release; as of current versions, Symfony 7.x requires PHP 8.2+, and no Symfony 8.2 with a PHP 8.5 requirement has been confirmed."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's deprecation policy guarantees that deprecations introduced in a major version (8.x) remain for the entire lifecycle of that major version and are only removed in the next major release (9.0)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Twig's {{ }} tags only allow a limited set of expression syntax (variables, filters, method calls on whitelisted objects, arithmetic, etc.) and do not permit calling arbitrary PHP code directly."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Twig enables auto-escaping by default to prevent XSS attacks, automatically escaping variables printed with {{ }}."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The Twig |e (escape) filter defaults to escaping a string for safe HTML output using htmlspecialchars with ENT_QUOTES."}

{"answer": "localnumber", "explanation": "The localnumber filter in twig/intl-extra formats a number according to a given locale using the Intl\\NumberFormatter class."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The |raw filter (used in Twig templating) marks a value as safe and prevents automatic HTML escaping."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Twig, {{ }} outputs the value of an expression, while {% %} is used for structural tags such as if, for, set, and other control flow."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Twig allows you to declare variables inside a template using the {% set %} tag, so values are not limited to coming from the controller."}

{"answer": "dump", "explanation": "The Twig `dump()` function (from the Twig Debug extension) outputs the debug structure of a variable such as an array or object."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap is a front-end CSS/JS component library providing ready-made UI elements (navbar, modal, carousel, etc.), not a Single Page Application framework like React, Angular, or Vue."}

{"answer": "container", "explanation": "The .container class in Bootstrap provides a responsive fixed-width container with a max-width that changes at each breakpoint, unlike .container-fluid which is always 100% wide."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Bootstrap's grid uses 12 columns (not 16), and modern versions (Bootstrap 4+) are built on CSS Flexbox rather than CSS floats."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, the breakpoint infixes used in class names are sm, md, lg, xl, and xxl (the default xs has no infix), giving exactly five."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Bootstrap, spacing utilities like .mt-3 or .px-2 compute their value as the number multiplied by $spacer (e.g., 3 × 1rem = 3rem)."}

{"answer": "data-bs-toggle", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, the data-bs-toggle attribute is used to enable interactive components such as dropdowns, collapse, or tooltips on an element."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap 5 removed the jQuery dependency and all its interactive components (modals, dropdowns, tooltips, etc.) are powered by vanilla JavaScript."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, dark mode is enabled by adding the data-bs-theme=\"dark\" attribute to the <html> element, not by adding a .dark class."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Doctrine ORM does not auto-create tables at runtime; you must explicitly use SchemaTool, migrations, or manual SQL to create or alter database schema."}

{"answer": "persist", "explanation": "EntityManager::persist() marks a new entity as managed and queues it for insertion, but no SQL is executed until flush() is called."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Doctrine ORM 3, EntityManager::merge() still exists and its purpose is to make a detached entity managed, returning the managed instance."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "DQL (Doctrine Query Language) is an object-oriented query language that operates on entities and their fields, abstracting away the underlying database tables and columns."}

{"answer": "null", "explanation": "In Doctrine, $repository->find() returns null when no entity with the given ID exists in the database."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, DoctrineBundle does not automatically call flush() at the end of a request; the developer must explicitly call $entityManager->flush() to persist pending changes."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Doctrine's Unit of Work, once an entity is in the managed state, any property modification is tracked against its original snapshot, and flush() automatically generates an UPDATE without needing persist() again."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In Doctrine ORM, remove() only schedules the entity for deletion in the Unit of Work; the actual SQL DELETE is sent to the database when flush() is called."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "MVCC allows readers and writers to operate concurrently without blocking each other, which is the primary benefit of the multi-version concurrency control mechanism."}

{"answer": "EXPLAIN", "explanation": "The EXPLAIN command displays the query execution plan (table access method, join order, indexes used) without actually running the query."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "While both use a sequence under the hood, SERIAL is a PostgreSQL shorthand (sequence + DEFAULT) whereas GENERATED ... AS IDENTITY is a SQL-standard column property with different semantics (no DEFAULT allowed, GENERATED ALWAYS vs BY DEFAULT, OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE), so they are not merely two names for the same mechanism."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PostgreSQL, a UNIQUE constraint treats NULL values as distinct, so multiple rows can have NULL in the constrained column."}

{"answer": "string_agg", "explanation": "PostgreSQL's string_agg() aggregate function concatenates strings with a specified separator, e.g. string_agg(col, ',')."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Plain VACUUM only marks dead tuple space as reusable within the table file; it does not return the space to the OS. Only VACUUM FULL rewrites the table and shrinks the file."}

{"answer": "PARTITION", "explanation": "In SQL window functions, the PARTITION BY clause divides rows into groups over which the window function is computed."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "READ COMMITTED only prevents dirty reads; non-repeatable reads are prevented starting at the REPEATABLE READ isolation level."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "By default, PostgreSQL operates in autocommit mode, meaning each individual SQL statement is automatically committed in its own implicit transaction unless you explicitly begin a transaction with BEGIN."}

{"answer": "COMMIT", "explanation": "The COMMIT statement finalizes a transaction, making all changes permanent and ending the transaction."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Indexes help the database engine locate rows quickly for any DML statement (SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE) that filters on the indexed column, not just SELECT."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "SAVEPOINT allows you to mark a point within a transaction and later use ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT to undo only the statements executed after that point, without aborting the entire transaction."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "EXPLAIN ANALYZE actually executes the query to collect real runtime statistics (actual rows, timing), whereas plain EXPLAIN shows the plan without executing."}

{"answer": "pgvector", "explanation": "pgvector is the PostgreSQL extension that adds a vector data type and index methods (IVFFlat and HNSW) for efficient similarity search on embeddings."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A partial index (CREATE INDEX ... WHERE ...) in PostgreSQL only indexes rows that satisfy the given predicate, making it smaller and more efficient."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PostgreSQL implements SERIALIZABLE via Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI) with conflict detection, not by placing shared locks on read rows (that is MySQL/InnoDB's approach)."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "HTTP 201 Created indicates that the request has succeeded and a new resource has been created as a result."}

{"answer": 204, "explanation": "HTTP 204 'No Content' indicates a successful request where the server intentionally returns no response body, commonly used after DELETE operations."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The HTTP specification (RFC 9110/7231) classifies DELETE as idempotent: deleting an already-deleted resource does not further change server state, so repeating the request yields the same end result."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Access-Control-Allow-Origin header is sent by the server (as a response header), not by the client; the client sends the Origin header instead."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "HTTP 429 Too Many Requests is the standard status code defined in RFC 6585 for indicating that a client has exceeded a rate limit."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "It is the opposite: 4xx codes indicate client errors (e.g., 404 Not Found), while 5xx codes indicate server errors (e.g., 500 Internal Server Error)."}

{"answer": "Content-Type", "explanation": "The Content-Type HTTP header specifies the MIME type of the request or response body."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "RFC 5789 explicitly states that PATCH is not idempotent, whereas PUT (RFC 7231) is defined as idempotent."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Using == for hash comparison is vulnerable to timing attacks; one should use hash_equals() for a constant-time comparison."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A CSRF token is indeed generated by the server, tied to the user's session, and validated on the server side when handling unsafe methods like POST, PUT, or DELETE."}

{"answer": "Content-Security-Policy", "explanation": "The Content-Security-Policy HTTP header is used to enable and define the CSP policy for a web page."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "OAuth 2.0 is an authorization protocol (granting scoped access to resources), not an authentication protocol; identifying who the user is is the role of OpenID Connect (ID tokens), which layers on top of OAuth 2.0."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "XSS is primarily prevented by output encoding/escaping when rendering data in the browser, not by input validation before storing it in the database; input validation alone is insufficient and unreliable against XSS."}

{"answer": "code", "explanation": "In the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, the 'code' parameter is returned to the redirect_uri and then exchanged for an access token at the token endpoint."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In OAuth2, a refresh token has a longer lifetime than an access token and is used to request a new access token without requiring the user to log in again."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A salt does not need to be secret; it is typically stored alongside the hash to prevent rainbow-table attacks, and security relies on the hash function's one-way property, not the salt's confidentiality."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHPUnit requires test classes to extend PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase in order to be discovered and executed by the test runner."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "setUp() runs before EACH test method; setUpBeforeClass() (static) is the one that runs once before all tests in the class."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A data provider is designed to let a test run with multiple sets of arguments, not exactly one."}

{"answer": "expectException", "explanation": "PHPUnit's expectException() method declares that a specific exception class is expected to be thrown during test execution."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The statement is reversed: a stub only returns pre-programmed data, while a mock both returns data and verifies that methods were called as expected."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHPUnit 10+, the #[DataProvider] attribute is the recommended replacement for the deprecated @dataProvider docblock annotation."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHPUnit supports test dependencies via the @depends annotation or #[DependsOn] attribute, allowing one test to receive the return value of another."}

{"answer": "--random", "explanation": "The --random option in PHPUnit shuffles the order in which tests are executed."}

{"answer": "3-3", "explanation": "intdiv(7,2)=3 and intdiv(-7,2)=-3 (truncation toward zero), concatenated with '.' gives the string \"3-3\"."}

{"answer": -9, "explanation": "In PHP, the ** (exponentiation) operator has higher precedence than the unary minus, so -3 ** 2 is parsed as -(3 ** 2) = -9."}

{"answer": "true", "explanation": "Both '1e1' and '10' are numeric strings, so PHP compares them numerically; 1e1 (scientific notation for 10) equals 10, making the expression true."}

{"answer": "zero", "explanation": "PHP switch uses loose comparison (==), and the non-numeric string 'a' is coerced to 0, so it matches case 0."}

{"answer": "1bc", "explanation": "With an array parameter, strtr processes replacements sequentially in array order: first 'a'→'1' gives '1bc', then 'ab' is not found in '1bc', so the result is '1bc'."}

{"answer": "[]", "explanation": "substr('hello', -10) returns an empty string because the negative offset (-10) exceeds the string length (5), so the result is '[' . '' . ']' which is '[]'."}

{"answer": "k,n,m", "explanation": "The array union operator + keeps left-hand keys and appends right-hand keys not present on the left, so the keys are k, n, m."}

{"answer": "yxz", "explanation": "Sorting by the third element (1, 2, 2) reorders to [2,'y',1], [1,'x',2], [3,'z',2]; array_column with index 1 gives ['y','x','z']; implode produces 'yxz'."}

{"answer": 4, "explanation": "The spread operator with named keys maps 'a' => 5 and 'b' => 1, so f computes 5 - 1 = 4."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The code as written is not valid PHP syntax ($p->g(...) is not a recognized expression), so it would produce a Parse/Fatal error rather than outputting a value; however, the intended question likely tests that the object's private property v equals 3, which is what g() would return."}

{"answer": "B", "explanation": "static::class uses late static binding, so it resolves to the class that was actually instantiated, which is B."}

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "The setter multiplies the assigned value by 2, so assigning 5 stores 10, which is then echoed."}

{"answer": "BA", "explanation": "TB::f insteadof TA makes f() return 'B', and TA::f as g aliases TA's f to g() returning 'A', so the concatenation is 'BA'."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "Each class that uses a trait gets its own independent copy of static properties, so CX::$n = 1 does not affect CY::$n, which remains 0."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "In PHP, a return statement in a finally block overrides the return value from the try block, so the function returns 2."}

{"answer": "second", "explanation": "The finally block throws a LogicException which replaces the original RuntimeException, and the outer catch catches that LogicException and prints its message 'second'."}

{"answer": "App\\Foo|Baz", "explanation": "Baz::class resolves to the aliased import App\\Foo, while \\Baz::class refers to the global class Baz."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "class_exists('Foo') looks in the global namespace where no Foo exists (it's in Ns), returning 'no'; class_exists('Ns\\\\Foo') finds the class defined in namespace Ns, returning 'yes'."}

{"answer": "1,2,99", "explanation": "After foreach by reference, $v still references the last element of $a, so assigning $v=99 changes $a[2] to 99."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The static variable $n is shared across all instances; each call to inc() (whether on A or B) increments it, so after three calls it equals 3."}

{"answer": 11, "explanation": "send(10) assigns $x=10, then the generator returns $x+1=11, which getReturn() retrieves."}

{"answer": "1,2,ok", "explanation": "yield from delegates to inner() yielding 1 and 2, then the return value 'ok' is captured in $r and yielded by outer(), so iterator_to_array collects [1, 2, 'ok'] which implode joins as '1,2,ok'."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "The first call checks against the same cost (4) so no rehash is needed ('no'), the second checks against a higher cost (5) so a rehash is needed ('yes')."}

{"answer": "strict-in", "explanation": "E_STRICT (2048) is deprecated in PHP 8.4 but still included in E_ALL in PHP 8.5, so E_ALL & 2048 equals 2048 (not 0), making the ternary evaluate to 'strict-in'."}

{"answer": "mapped", "explanation": "Symfony's Request normalizes the server variable HTTP_X_TOKEN into the header X-Token, so the header lookup returns 'abc' and the strict comparison succeeds."}

{"answer": "BCA", "explanation": "In Symfony's EventDispatcher, higher priority values are called first: B (priority 10), C (priority 5), A (priority 0)."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "Doctrine's identity map guarantees a single instance per entity ID, so both find() calls return the same object already tracked by the EntityManager."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "Persisting then removing a new entity before flush simply untracks it from the Unit of Work; no INSERT is ever issued, so the table remains empty."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "COUNT(x) counts only non-NULL values in column x, so it returns 1 (the NULL row is excluded)."}

{"answer": "10,30,60", "explanation": "The window function computes running sums (10, 30, 60), and string_agg concatenates them as text with commas."}

{"answer": "M1M2", "explanation": "The middleware stack executes in order: Trace('M1') echoes 'M1' then calls next, Trace('M2') echoes 'M2' then calls next, so the output is 'M1M2' (before a HandlerNotFound exception would be thrown since no handler is registered)."}

{"answer": 11, "explanation": "Both handlers in the HandlersLocator are invoked sequentially for the same Ping message: the first adds 1 to $n (making it 1) and the second adds 10 (making it 11)."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The first INSERT adds value 1; the second INSERT is silently skipped due to the unique index conflict (ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING), so the table contains only one row."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "The UNIQUE constraint is DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED, so violations are only checked at COMMIT time; both INSERTs succeed within the transaction, and SELECT count(*) returns 2."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "The filter 'test_sum' matches both test_sum (3 data sets) and test_sum_abs (3 data sets), giving 6 total tests."}

{"answer": "2, 1", "explanation": "The data provider returns two datasets ([1] and [-1]), producing 2 test runs; the assertion $x > 0 fails only for -1, so 1 test fails."}

{"answer": "POST", "explanation": "The -d flag in curl sends data in the request body, which automatically changes the HTTP method from the default GET to POST."}

{"answer": "GET", "explanation": "The -G flag overrides the default POST behavior of -d, causing the data to be appended as a query string and the request to be sent as a GET."}

{"answer": "invalid_client", "explanation": "RFC 6749 §5.2 specifies that when the client identifier is not recognized (non-existent client_id), the token endpoint returns the error 'invalid_client'."}

{"answer": "fragment", "explanation": "In the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow (response_type=token), the authorization server returns the access_token in the URI fragment (after the # symbol) of the redirect_uri."}

{"answer": 0, "explanation": "The default filter only replaces null/undefined values, not falsy ones like false, so false is kept and false * 3 evaluates to 0 in PHP."}

{"answer": "a3", "explanation": "In Twig, the + operator has higher precedence than ~, so the expression is parsed as 'a' ~ (1 + 2) = 'a' ~ 3 = 'a3', which renders successfully without throwing any exception."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The array [''] has one element (empty string), and NotBlank on an empty string produces one violation, so count() returns 1."}

{"answer": "Symfony\\Component\\Form\\Exception\\LogicException", "explanation": "Calling isValid() on a non-submitted Symfony form throws a LogicException, which is caught and its class name is printed."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "Symfony's DI container services are singletons (shared) by default, so get() returns the same object instance each time, making both spl_object_id() values equal."}

{"answer": "hi Bob!", "explanation": "Symfony's ContainerBuilder resolves nested parameter references during compile(), so '%greeting%!' becomes 'hi Bob!'."}

{"answer": "960px", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5.3, the .container max-width at the ≥992px (xl) breakpoint is 960px."}

{"answer": "text-danger", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5.3's generated CSS, text-danger appears after text-primary in source order, so with equal specificity, the later rule wins."}

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "Domain can only depend on Domain, but this class depends on both Application and Infrastructure, resulting in 2 violations."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The Domain class depends on Application (PlaceOrder) and Infrastructure (Db, Logger), which violates the rule that Domain can only depend on Domain."}

{"answer": "10,15", "explanation": "$a holds amount 10, and $c is a new Money object with 10+5=15, so concatenating them with a comma gives '10,15'."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The remove() method throws a DomainException when count is 1 before unsetting, so the item 'a' is never removed and count() still returns 1."}

{"answer": "hi", "explanation": "The code creates an instance of class C and calls its hi() method, which returns the string 'hi', which is then echoed."}

{"answer": "yesno", "explanation": "Before property access the lazy ghost is uninitialized (outputs 'yes'), and after accessing $o->v the initialization callback runs, so it's no longer uninitialized (outputs 'no')."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Guard authentication component (including AbstractGuardAuthenticator) was removed in Symfony 6.0, so it does not exist in Symfony 8.1."}

{"answer": "noyes", "explanation": "In Symfony 7.0+ (and thus 8.1), AnnotationClassLoader was removed (output 'no'), while AttributeClassLoader exists as its replacement (output 'yes')."}