Карта знаний PHP — bonsai-2:27b, run-24 · think: low

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "They differ because double-quoted strings allow variable interpolation and more escape sequences, while single-quoted strings are more literal." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The null coalescing operator suppresses undefined-variable notices and returns the first non-null or defined operand."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "ab", ⏎   "explanation": "The comma separates echo arguments, and they are concatenated and printed." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, the print language construct outputs a value and returns 1, so it can be used inside an expression." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "The PHP ?: operator returns the left operand when it is truthy, and the right operand when it is falsy." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, the concatenation operator (.) has lower precedence than the addition and subtraction operators, so `.` binds more loosely."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP's ** operator is right-associative, so 2 ** 3 ** 2 evaluates as 2 ** (3 ** 2), not (2 ** 3) ** 2."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, strict array comparison (===) requires the same key/value pairs in the same order, not just regardless of order."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The == operator performs loose comparison, and 0 == false evaluates to true because false is coerced to 0."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP 8, a non-numeric string is converted to 0 when loosely compared to an integer, so \"abc\" == 0 is true." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP loose comparison with ==, null is equivalent to 0, the empty string, and false." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 42, ⏎   "explanation": "PHP casts the string to an integer by taking the leading numeric portion and stops at the first non-numeric character." ⏎ }

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "In PHP, the string '5' is cast to a number before addition, so '5' + 5 evaluates to 10."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In PHP, casting false to a string produces the empty string \"0\"."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In PHP, floating-point imprecision makes 0.1 + 0.2 not strictly equal to 0.3."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"strrev() reverses bytes rather than UTF-8 characters, so it can corrupt multibyte UTF-8 characters."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "str_contains() checks whether the second string appears in the first, and 'world' is present in 'Hello world'."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "str_pad() can pad on the right, left, or both sides." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, PHP's trim() also removes tabs and newlines, not only spaces."}

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "In UTF-8, the character 'é' is encoded as 2 bytes, so 'héllo' has 6 bytes total."}

{"answer": "def", "explanation": "A negative start offset in PHP substr() counts from the end of the string, so -3 returns the last three characters."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, ucfirst() returns a new string with the first character uppercased and does not modify the original string in place." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Heredoc interpolates variables, while nowdoc treats its contents as a literal string without variable interpolation." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"sort() re-indexes the array with numeric keys 0, 1, 2...; to preserve key-to-value association you must use ksort() or asort()."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, numeric string array keys are automatically converted to integer keys." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "in_array() uses loose comparison by default; strict comparison must be enabled with the third parameter set to true."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "When array_filter() is called without a callback, it removes all elements considered 'empty' by PHP, i.e., falsy values like 0, 0.0, \"\", \"0\", false, null, and empty arrays."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"By default, the preserve_keys parameter in array_slice() is false, so numeric keys are reindexed."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "[20, 30]", ⏎   "explanation": "array_slice starts at index 1 and takes 2 elements, producing [20, 30]." ⏎ }

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "The + operator merges the second array into the first without overwriting existing keys, resulting in ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2], which has 2 elements."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In PHP 8.1 the spread operator in array literals was extended to allow arrays with string (non-sequential) keys; prior versions would throw a TypeError."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP allows mixing named arguments with the spread operator, e.g. foo(bar: 2, ...$args)."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"An anonymous function must use the use keyword to capture variables from the outer scope."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "func_num_args() returns the number of arguments actually passed to the function, which is three in f(1, 2, 3)."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"PHP arrow functions have a single-expression body and do not use curly braces to group multiple statements."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In JavaScript, an arrow function forms a closure over its lexical environment, so it reads the current outer variable values when called." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, a closure declared with the static keyword does not have access to the instance context and cannot capture or use $this, even if it is defined inside a non-static class method."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 5, ⏎   "explanation": "PHP closures capture variables by value by default, so the closure still returns the original value 5." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Without strict_types, PHP allows type coercion such as converting the numeric string \"5\" to an int."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 8.1 introduced constructor property promotion, allowing parameters to become class properties directly in the constructor."}

{"answer": "final", "explanation": "The 'final' keyword in PHP prevents a method from being overridden by subclasses."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A final method cannot be overridden in a subclass."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"In PHP, private properties are only accessible within the class that declares them, not in subclasses."}

{"answer": "class", "explanation": "The anonymous-class name is NUL-embedded after the literal prefix, so the part before the NUL byte is just \"class\"."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Private methods are not inherited or part of the inheritance contract, so a child class can declare a method with the same name and choose any visibility." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"__get() is also invoked for inaccessible properties, not only non-existent ones."}

{"answer": "Error", "explanation": "Reassigning a readonly property in PHP (8.1+) throws a ReadOnlyPropertyException, which is a subclass of Error, not Exception."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In PHP, an interface may define constants, which must be public and initialized."}

{"answer": "instanceof", "explanation": "The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instance of a class or interface in PHP."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP interfaces can only declare abstract methods, not static methods."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "The instanceof operator checks both class inheritance and interface implementation." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP interface methods are abstract and cannot have a default implementation."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, abstract methods can be declared as public or protected." ⏎ }

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "Foo::cases() returns one element per enum case, and there are three cases: A, B, and C."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, traits are allowed to declare constants." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, both Exception and Error implement the Throwable interface, making it their common ancestor."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "TypeError inherits from Error, not Exception, so catch (Exception $e) will not catch it." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The PHP @ operator suppresses errors and warnings, but it does not catch or suppress exceptions."}

{"answer":"DivisionByZeroError","explanation":"intdiv(5, 0) throws a DivisionByZeroError in PHP."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"The finally block executes regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, an exception thrown inside a finally block propagates in place of any original exception from the try block."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In PHP, casting any object instance to bool results in true."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"register_shutdown_function callbacks run during PHP shutdown, which occurs when the script ends via exit()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The `use` statement is a compile-time alias for a class or interface and does not trigger the autoloader or load any class file; the file is only loaded when the class is actually instantiated or referenced at runtime."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "function", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP, you use `use function` to import a function from another namespace." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "Controller/Api/UserController.php", ⏎   "explanation": "PSR-4 drops the App\\ namespace prefix and maps the remaining namespace parts Controller\\Api\\ to the directory Controller/Api, with the class name as UserController.php." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The generated vendor/autoload.php file instantiates a Composer\\Autoload\\ClassLoader and calls its register() method, which internally uses spl_autoload_register() to hook in the classmap and PSR-4 autoloader."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"__NAMESPACE__ is a magic constant that returns the current namespace name, or an empty string in the global namespace."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Unqualified class names are resolved in the current namespace first, then fall back to the global namespace."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Under PSR-4, the namespace prefix App\\ maps to src/, so the remaining sub-namespace Model\\User is appended as Model/User.php, giving the path src/Model/User.php."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"PHP allows a use statement inside a function body, and its import is scoped to that function only."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, arrays are value types and are copied when assigned to another variable."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 2, ⏎   "explanation": "PHP arrays are copied by value, so modifying $b does not affect $a." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In PHP, local scope does not inherit global scope, so user-defined global variables must be explicitly accessed inside a function via the global keyword, the $GLOBALS superglobal array, or by passing them as parameters."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "unset($GLOBALS['x']) removes the global variable from the global scope, not just for that function." ⏎ }

{"answer":"6","explanation":"The variable $n is passed by reference to inc(), so incrementing $x inside the function increases $n from 5 to 6."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In PHP, foreach by value iterates over a copy of the array, so changes to the original array during the same pass are not visible."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A static property belongs to the class and is shared among all instances."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "PHP converts boolean array keys to integers, so true is stored as the integer key 1, not as a boolean."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Since PHP 8.1, a generator can return a value with `return`, and that value is available via `getReturn()` after the generator finishes." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"PHP generators are single-use; once fully consumed they cannot be rewound or iterated again."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"PHP's yield from delegates iteration to another generator or iterable."}

{"answer":"Generator","explanation":"Calling a generator function returns a Generator object, and get_class() returns its class name."}

{"answer": 3, "explanation": "The generator yields three values, so converting it to an array produces three elements."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"SplStack implements a LIFO stack, not a FIFO queue."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "ArrayIterator implements Iterator and can wrap an array for traversal." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"ArrayObject implements Traversable, so it can be traversed with foreach."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"password_hash() automatically generates and embeds the salt, so you should not pass a separate salt."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "false", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP 8, PASSWORD_DEFAULT uses the default password hashing algorithm, which is bcrypt, not MD5." ⏎ }

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"password_verify() returns true when the password matches the generated hash."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"strip_tags() only removes HTML tags and does not prevent SQL injection."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "session_regenerate_id() creates a new session ID after login to help prevent session fixation attacks." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "php_sapi_name", ⏎   "explanation": "The php_sapi_name() function returns the current PHP SAPI name, such as 'cli'." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "session_destroy() only destroys the server-side session data; the session cookie remains in the browser and must be deleted separately with setcookie()."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "You must call session_start() before $_SESSION can be used to load session data."}

{"answer":"no such function exists","explanation":"PHP does not have a built-in array_find() function; the user may be thinking of array_search() or in_array()."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "PHP 8.4 introduced property hooks, allowing get/set logic to be declared directly with a property." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Asymmetric visibility was introduced in PHP 8.4."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 8.4, ⏎   "explanation": "The #[\\NoDiscard] attribute was introduced in PHP 8.4." ⏎ }

{"answer": "It does not exist", "explanation": "PHP has never included a pipe operator (|>); this is a feature found in other languages like Rust, C#, or Haskell, not in any stable PHP release."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "8.4", ⏎   "explanation": "PHP 8.4 introduced the clone-with syntax." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "8.3", ⏎   "explanation": "array_first() and array_last() were introduced in PHP 8.3." ⏎ }

{"answer":"8.5","explanation":"RFC Partial Function Application v2 was adopted for PHP 8.5."}

{"answer": "8.3", "explanation": "The clamp_v2 RFC introducing the clamp() function was implemented in PHP 8.3."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "RFC Context Managers v2 has not been adopted in PHP."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "There is no known PHP RFC titled 'Bound-Erased Generic Types' that was declined in 2026."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"PHP's RFC to make ZTS the default build was accepted, so it had already been accepted by that date."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 8.5 does not include native generics or parameterized types."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"On 2026-11-07, PHP 8.5 would be the current stable release while PHP 8.6 had not yet reached GA on 2026-11-19."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHP 6 was not released, and PHP 7.0 followed PHP 5.6 directly."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "The RFC adding the #[\\Deprecated] attribute to PHP's core was adopted." ⏎ }

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In clean and onion architecture, the dependency rule mandates that dependencies point inward toward the core, meaning inner (core) layers have no knowledge of or dependency on outer layers."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Domain entities should be independent of persistence and framework details, relying only on the language and standard library." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "Controllers and Twig templates are presentation-layer components, not part of the business-logic layer." ⏎ }

{"answer": "domain", "explanation": "In Onion Architecture, the innermost core is the domain layer."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A dependency analyzer can detect and fail on forbidden calls between layers."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A use case should take domain-level arguments, not infrastructure objects like an HTTP request or EntityManager."}

{"answer": "Repository", "explanation": "A Repository encapsulates a collection of aggregates/entities and abstracts their persistence behind an interface."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In clean architecture, database-specific details are isolated in interface adapters or infrastructure layers, so the domain and use cases remain unchanged when swapping PostgreSQL for another database." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In DDD, an aggregate is a cluster of domain objects, not simply a database table."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A Value Object is typically immutable and uses value equality based on its fields rather than object identity."}

{"answer": "aggregate root", "explanation": "In domain-driven design, the aggregate root is the single entry point through which all changes to an aggregate must be made."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In DDD, repositories manage aggregates as whole, typically keyed by their aggregate root."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Domain-Driven Design, the Ubiquitous Language is the shared vocabulary used consistently by both developers and domain experts to discuss and model the business domain."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "domain", ⏎   "explanation": "The domain is the boundary of objects within which the model interprets the language consistently." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "DDD recommends a rich domain model where entities and value objects encapsulate business logic, rather than an anemic model that pushes all behavior into services."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A bounded context isolates its own model, so the same concept can be represented as different classes in different contexts."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony's DI container generally instantiates services on first access rather than eagerly at startup."}

{"answer": "route:list", "explanation": "The Symfony console command route:list shows all registered routes."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony autowiring can discover and configure services automatically without declaring every service in services.yaml."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Twig compiles templates into PHP code (typically represented as PHP classes) and caches those compiled templates between requests." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony's dev environment caches the compiled container and rebuilds it only when tracked changes are detected, not on every request." ⏎ }

{"answer": "APP_ENV", "explanation": "Symfony reads the APP_ENV environment variable to determine the active environment (e.g., dev or prod)."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony controller action methods must be public for routing to invoke them." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "The subscriber interface does not inherently give subscribers priority over listeners; event dispatching order is determined by registration and any priority settings, not by being a subscriber." ⏎ }

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Symfony 6.0+ uses the newer authenticator architecture based on AuthenticatorInterface, while the old Guard system was removed."}

{"answer": "IsGranted", "explanation": "Symfony's #[IsGranted] attribute restricts access to a controller method based on roles or permissions, returning a 403 Forbidden response if the user does not have the required grant."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony voters provide granular permission checks such as isGranted('EDIT', $post) for access to a specific object."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Since Symfony 6.0/7+, validation constraints use PHP 8 attributes, and Doctrine ORM 3.x (bundled with Symfony 7) completely removed support for the old annotation-based mapping in favor of PHP attributes."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony forms enable CSRF protection by default and validate the token on form submission."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony performs server-side form validation during request processing regardless of whether client-side HTML5 validation succeeded."}

{"answer": "make:form", "explanation": "The Symfony Maker command used to generate a form class (FormType) is make:form."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony does not store the user's plain-text password in the session; it stores authentication information such as the hashed password or user credentials, not the raw password."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In modern Symfony projects, config/packages is commonly used for bundle-specific configuration, with one file per bundle or topic." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "This describes the common pattern of committing a safe development defaults file while keeping real secrets in a non-committed local environment file."}

{"answer": "debug:container", "explanation": "The Symfony 'debug:container' command displays all services registered in the DI container along with their aliases."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony's container exposes setParameter(), so an injected container in a controller can modify parameters when the container is not frozen." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "In modern Symfony, services are private (public: false) by default; you must explicitly set public: true to fetch them from the container."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A bundle does not always require a configuration file in config/packages to work."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony uses the %env(VAR)% placeholder syntax to resolve environment variables in configuration such as services.yaml."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "APP_DEBUG", ⏎   "explanation": "In Symfony, APP_DEBUG=true enables debug mode, which also enables the profiler and Twig debugging." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "A Symfony Messenger message type can be handled by multiple registered handlers." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "The sync transport processes the message immediately rather than queuing it for a worker." ⏎ }

{"answer": "bin/console messenger:consume", "explanation": "This Symfony console command starts a Messenger worker to consume queued messages."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In Symfony Messenger, retry_strategy options are configured per Messenger transport." ⏎ }

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Symfony Messenger uses a JSON encoder by default when serializing messages."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony Scheduler and Symfony Messenger are separate components: the scheduler runs tasks on a schedule, while Messenger handles asynchronous message passing; the scheduler does not inherently produce and dispatch Messenger messages."}

{"answer": "database", "explanation": "The Doctrine-based Messenger transport is called the database transport."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Symfony Messenger's pipeline supports custom middleware, and their order can be set relative to the built-in middleware."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony follows a release cycle where major versions are released every two years and minor versions every six months, with releases typically occurring in November and May."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "8.3", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony 8 requires at least PHP 8.3." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Symfony 7.0 removed docblock annotation support in favor of PHP attributes."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"AssetMapper resolves CSS/JS through an importmap.php file, avoiding Node/webpack build tools."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony 6.4 is a standard (even minor) release that receives regular support until the end of the 6.x major version lifecycle, with no separate long-term support (LTS) designation."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Symfony major releases remove deprecations introduced in the previous major version."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony major releases include an UPGRADE guide that documents the significant changes and required migration steps." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "Symfony AssetMapper", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony AssetMapper is the Symfony component for managing assets and importmaps without Node.js or Webpack." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Symfony 8.2 had already been released by November 7, 2026."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "Following Symfony's six-month release cycle, Symfony 8.2 would be scheduled for May 2027, not November 2026." ⏎ }

{"answer":"8.2","explanation":"The next Symfony minor version after 8.1 is 8.2."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Major Symfony releases introduce breaking changes, but they do not require applications to be fully rewritten."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "8.2 is a minor update within the PHP 8 major branch, so it is expected to preserve backward compatibility with 8.1 code." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "8.1", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony 8.1 is the latest 8.x minor version released before Symfony 9.0." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "Symfony 8.2 raises the minimum required PHP version to 8.5, so upgrading PHP is necessary." ⏎ }

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Symfony’s deprecation policy states that deprecations introduced in the 8.x branch will be kept until 9.0."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Twig's {{ }} expression language is intentionally restricted and does not allow calling arbitrary PHP code for security reasons."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Twig enables HTML auto-escaping by default for output variables."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The |e filter in Twig escapes output, and by default it uses the HTML context to safely escape special characters like &, <, >, etc."}

{"answer":"intl_numberformat","explanation":"The twig/intl-extra filter intl_numberformat formats a number using a locale."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "The |raw filter prevents escaping, allowing the value to be output as raw HTML."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Twig, {{ }} outputs the value of an expression, while {% %} executes structural tags such as conditions, loops, and set statements."}

{"answer": "false", "explanation": "Twig allows variables to be assigned inside a template using {% set %}."}

{"answer": "dump", "explanation": "In Twig, the `dump()` function displays the debug structure of a variable, similar to PHP's var_dump()."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap is primarily a front-end UI library providing CSS and JavaScript components, not a single-page application framework."}

{"answer": "container", "explanation": "The .container class in Bootstrap provides a responsive container whose max-width is fixed at each breakpoint (sm, md, lg, xl, xxl)."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "The Bootstrap grid uses 12 columns (not 16), and modern Bootstrap (v4+) uses CSS Flexbox rather than CSS floats."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In Bootstrap 5, the class-name prefixes (infixes) are exactly sm, md, lg, xl, and xxl, making five in total (the base 'xs' range is covered by classes with no prefix)."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"In Bootstrap, utilities like .mt-3 and .px-2 use spacing values that are multiples of the $spacer variable."}

{"answer": "data-bs-toggle", "explanation": "In Bootstrap 5, the data-bs-toggle attribute is used to activate interactive components such as dropdowns, modals, tooltips, etc. on an element."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Bootstrap 5 removed its jQuery dependency and uses vanilla JavaScript (ES6+) along with Popper.js for its interactive components."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "In Bootstrap, adding the .dark class to the root HTML element enables dark mode."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Doctrine ORM maps entities to existing database tables; it does not automatically create tables at runtime — you must use a schema tool like Doctrine Migrations or the SchemaManager to generate/alter the database schema."}

{"answer": "persist()", "explanation": "The EntityManager::persist() method marks a new object as managed (in the managed state) without executing any SQL until a flush() is called."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"EntityManager::merge() exists in Doctrine ORM 3 and makes the passed object managed."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "DQL is an object-oriented query language that references entities and their mapped fields rather than database tables and columns."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "null", ⏎   "explanation": "The repository’s find method returns null when no matching record exists." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "DoctrineBundle includes a subscriber that flushes the entity manager at the end of each request by default." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Doctrine tracks changes to managed entities, so flush() persists property modifications without needing another persist()."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Doctrine's remove() only marks the entity for deletion in the unit of work; the SQL DELETE is executed when flush() is called."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"PostgreSQL's MVCC generally allows readers and writers to proceed concurrently; readers do not block writers and writers do not block readers."}

{"answer": "EXPLAIN", "explanation": "The EXPLAIN command displays the query's execution plan (query optimization path) without actually running the query."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"SERIAL is typically a database shorthand that includes extra constraints like auto-increment/sequence defaults, while GENERATED AS IDENTITY is a specific SQL identity mechanism and not simply another name for SERIAL."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "By default, PostgreSQL UNIQUE constraints allow multiple rows with NULL values, since NULL is considered unknown and not equal to NULL; only in PostgreSQL 12+ can you specify the behavior explicitly (e.g., `DISTINCT NULLS NOT DISTINCT`), but the default remains to allow multiple NULLs."}

{"answer":"string_agg","explanation":"PostgreSQL provides string_agg(expression, separator) as an aggregate function to concatenate strings with a specified separator."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "Plain VACUUM only makes dead-tuple space available for reuse within the table; it does not return that space to the operating system (only VACUUM FULL does)."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "PARTITION BY", ⏎   "explanation": "The PARTITION BY clause in a window function defines how rows are partitioned into groups for computation." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "READ COMMITTED prevents dirty reads but does not prevent non-repeatable reads, since another transaction can commit changes between two reads."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PostgreSQL operates in autocommit mode by default, so each SQL statement is committed in its own implicit transaction."}

{"answer": "COMMIT", "explanation": "The COMMIT SQL command ends a transaction and makes all changes permanent."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"Indexes can speed up UPDATE and DELETE when they use the indexed column to locate rows."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"SAVEPOINT lets you roll back to a specific point within a transaction, undoing only part of the transaction's work."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "EXPLAIN ANALYZE actually executes the query and shows the execution plan with actual timing and statistics."}

{"answer": "pgvector", "explanation": "pgvector is a PostgreSQL extension that provides vector data types and similarity indexes (HNSW and IVFFLAT) for embedding search."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "A partial index only stores entries for rows that satisfy the WHERE condition."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PostgreSQL implements the SERIALIZABLE isolation level by locking rows that a transaction reads to prevent conflicting transactions from accessing them."}

{"answer":"yes","explanation":"HTTP 201 indicates that the request succeeded and a new resource was created."}

{"answer": 204, "explanation": "HTTP 204 No Content indicates a successful response with an intentionally empty body, which is the standard choice after a DELETE operation."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "The HTTP specification defines DELETE as an idempotent method." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Access-Control-Allow-Origin is a response header sent by the server, not by the client."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "HTTP status 429 Too Many Requests is returned when a client exceeds a rate limit." ⏎ }

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "It is the opposite: 4xx codes indicate client errors and 5xx codes indicate server-side errors."}

{"answer": "Content-Type", "explanation": "The Content-Type header specifies the MIME type of the request or response body."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "PATCH is not required to be idempotent; its idempotency depends on the media type, unlike PUT." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "Using == exposes the comparison to timing attacks; PHP's hash_equals() should be used for constant-time comparison of hashes." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "CSRF tokens are server-generated, typically tied to the user's session, and validated by the server on state-changing requests to prevent cross-site request forgery." ⏎ }

{"answer":"Content-Security-Policy","explanation":"The Content-Security-Policy HTTP header is used to define a Content Security Policy."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "OAuth 2.0 is primarily an authorization framework, and the access token is used to access resources, not necessarily to identify the user." ⏎ }

{"answer":"no","explanation":"XSS is primarily prevented by encoding/escaping output based on context, not just by validating input before storing it in a database."}

{"answer": "code", "explanation": "The OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow sends the 'code' parameter to the redirect_uri, which is exchanged for an access token."}

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "Refresh tokens are typically long-lived credentials used to obtain new access tokens without requiring the user to authenticate again."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Password salts are typically stored with the hash rather than kept secret."}

{"answer":"no","explanation":"PHPUnit's default test discovery recognizes test methods only in classes that extend PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "setUp() runs before each test method, not once for the whole class."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "A data provider allows a test to be run with multiple sets of arguments, not exactly one."}

{"answer": "expectException", "explanation": "PHPUnit's expectException method declares an expectation that an exception of a given class will be thrown."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "no", ⏎   "explanation": "Stubs return configured data, while mocks can also verify method calls." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "yes", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHPUnit 10+, the #[DataProvider] attribute is the recommended replacement for the deprecated @dataProvider annotation." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yes", "explanation": "PHPUnit enforces test independence, and while older versions had a deprecated dependsOn() method for ordering, modern PHPUnit removed it entirely and does not support one test depending on another's result."}

{"answer":"--random-tests","explanation":"The PHPUnit CLI option --random-tests runs tests in a random order."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "3-4", ⏎   "explanation": "intdiv(7, 2) returns 3 and intdiv(-7, 2) returns -4, and concatenating them produces the string \"3-4\"." ⏎ }

{"answer": -9, "explanation": "In PHP, the exponentiation operator ** has higher precedence than the unary minus, so -3 ** 2 is evaluated as -(3 ** 2)."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "true", ⏎   "explanation": "Both '1e1' and '10' are numeric strings, so loose equality compares them as numbers, and 10.0 equals 10.0." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "other", ⏎   "explanation": "The switch value 'a' does not match case 0, so the default branch executes." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "2c", ⏎   "explanation": "strtr() replaces longest matching keys first, so 'ab' becomes '2'." ⏎ }

{"answer":"[hello]","explanation":"substr('hello', -10) returns the entire string because a negative start beyond the string length is treated as the beginning."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "k,n,m", ⏎   "explanation": "The + operator merges the arrays keeping left-side values for duplicate keys, so the keys are k, n, and m." ⏎ }

{"answer": "yxz", "explanation": "The usort sorts by the third element (index 2): [2,'y',1] (1) first, then [1,'x',2] and [3,'z',2] (both 2) in their original relative order; array_column with index 1 extracts 'y','x','z' which implode to 'yxz'."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 4, ⏎   "explanation": "Spreading the array passes named arguments b=1 and a=5, so f returns 5 - 1 = 4." ⏎ }

{"answer": "ParseError", "explanation": "The spread operator '...' must be followed by a variable or expression (e.g., '$p->g(...$arr)'), so '$p->g(...)' is a syntax error."}

{"answer": "B", "explanation": "static::class uses late static binding, so when the method is called on an instance of B it returns the class name B."}

{"answer": 10, "explanation": "The set hook doubles the assigned value and stores it without recursive hook invocation, so reading the property outputs 10."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "BA", ⏎   "explanation": "The trait conflict resolution makes f come from TB, while g aliases TA's f, so f() returns B and g() returns A." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 1, ⏎   "explanation": "Static properties declared in a PHP trait are shared by all classes using that trait, so CY::$n reflects CX::$n = 1." ⏎ }

{"answer": 2, "explanation": "A return in the finally block overrides the return in the try block."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "second", ⏎   "explanation": "The exception thrown in the finally block overrides the original exception and is caught by the outer catch block." ⏎ }

{"answer": "App\\Foo|Baz", "explanation": "Baz resolves to the App\\Foo alias from the use statement, while \\Baz refers to the global Baz class."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "noyes", ⏎   "explanation": "class_exists('Foo') checks the global namespace and fails, while class_exists('Ns\\Foo') succeeds." ⏎ }

{"answer": "1,2,3", "explanation": "The foreach reference is released when the loop ends, so assigning to $v does not modify $a."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "3", ⏎   "explanation": "The static variable $n is shared by class A and its subclass B, so the three calls increment it from 0 to 1, 2, and 3." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "", ⏎   "explanation": "The first send() only starts the generator and ignores 10, so it pauses at the first yield and getReturn() is null, printing nothing." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "1,2,ok", ⏎   "explanation": "yield from yields inner's values and assigns its return value to $r, which is then yielded by outer." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "noyes", ⏎   "explanation": "The hash was created with cost 4, so rehashing with cost 4 is not needed, but rehashing with cost 5 is." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "strict-out", ⏎   "explanation": "In PHP 8.5, the 2048 strict bit is no longer included in E_ALL." ⏎ }

{"answer": "missing", "explanation": "The token was passed as the files argument, not the headers argument, so the request has no X-Token header."}

{"answer":"BCA","explanation":"Symfony dispatches listeners in descending priority order: B (10), C (5), then A (0)."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "Doctrine's EntityManager identity map returns the same persistent object instance for the same entity identifier on repeated find calls."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 0, ⏎   "explanation": "The entity is removed from the UnitOfWork before flush, so no INSERT is executed." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 1, ⏎   "explanation": "COUNT(x) counts non-NULL values of the specified column, so only the value 1 is counted." ⏎ }

{"answer": "10,30,60", "explanation": "The window SUM produces cumulative values 10, 30, and 60, then string_agg joins them in id order."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "M1M2", ⏎   "explanation": "M1 echoes its tag and passes to M2, which echoes its tag before continuing." ⏎ }

{"answer": "11", "explanation": "The HandlersLocator calls both handler descriptors in sequence, so $n is incremented by 1 (h1) then by 10 (h2), resulting in 11."}

{ ⏎   "answer": 1, ⏎   "explanation": "The second insert conflicts with the unique index, so ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING suppresses it." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 2, ⏎   "explanation": "The deferrable unique constraint is checked at commit, so both inserts succeed and the count is 2." ⏎ }

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "In PHPUnit 10.5, --filter uses a regex, so test_sum matches both test_sum and test_sum_abs, each contributing three data-provider cases."}

{"answer":"2,1","explanation":"The data provider supplies two datasets, x=1 and x=-1; the first passes and the second fails."}

{"answer": "POST", "explanation": "The -d option makes curl send the data as a POST request by default."}

{"answer": "GET", "explanation": "The -G option makes curl send the -d data as a query string using the GET method."}

{"answer":"invalid_client","explanation":"Per RFC 6749 Section 5.2, when the client_id is not recognized by the authorization server, it responds with the error 'invalid_client'."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "fragment", ⏎   "explanation": "In the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow with response_type=token, the access token is returned in the fragment component of the redirect URI." ⏎ }

{"answer": 6, "explanation": "The false value is replaced by the default value 2, and 2 multiplied by 3 is 6."}

{"answer": "no", "explanation": "It does not throw an exception; the expression evaluates to 'a3'."}

{"answer": 1, "explanation": "The single array element '' is blank, so one NotBlank violation is returned."}

{"answer": "same", "explanation": "The compiled container caches the resolved service instance, so both get() calls return the same object."}

{"answer": 960, "explanation": "At Bootstrap 5.3’s 992px large breakpoint, .container has a max-width of 960px (60rem)."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "text-primary", ⏎   "explanation": "Both classes have equal specificity, and Bootstrap 5.3 defines .text-primary after .text-danger in the utility CSS, so it wins." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 2, ⏎   "explanation": "The Domain class depends on Application and Infrastructure, and both dependencies violate the rule that Domain can only depend on Domain." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 3, ⏎   "explanation": "The Domain class depends on one Application class and two Infrastructure classes, and Domain may depend only on Domain." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "10,15", ⏎   "explanation": "$a->amount is 10 and $c->amount is 15, concatenated with a comma." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": 1, ⏎   "explanation": "The remove() call throws because there is only one item, so the item is not removed and count() remains 1." ⏎ }

{ ⏎   "answer": "hi", ⏎   "explanation": "The object's hi() method returns the string 'hi', which echo prints." ⏎ }

```json ⏎ {"answer": "yesno", "explanation": "The lazy ghost is uninitialized before property access (prints 'yes'), but accessing $o->v triggers the factory callback which initializes it, so the second check prints 'no'."} ⏎ ```

{"answer":"no","explanation":"Symfony removed the Guard component, including AbstractGuardAuthenticator, in Symfony 7 and later versions such as 8.1."}

{ ⏎   "answer": "noyes", ⏎   "explanation": "In Symfony 8.1, AnnotationClassLoader has been removed while AttributeClassLoader still exists." ⏎ }